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Ammonia. --- Iron catalysts.

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Background: Närsjukvården Österlen AB (=NÖAB) won a five-year contract, late in 2000, to operate the local health care services in Simrishamn on behalf of the Region Skåne. The economical forecast for 2002 was a loss of 18 million SEK. A turnaround was urgent. Aim: Primarily to evaluate Knowledge Management (=KM) techniques as a tool in the process of turning a health care organization around. Secondarily, to describe the means by which NÖAB became a more efficient health care organization. In order to evaluate the use of KM in the turnaround process it is necessary to answer three fundamental research questions. Did a turnaround take place? Did the individual projects contribute to increased efficiency? And finally can the approach used in the projects be characterized as KM. Method: The study was an ongoing case study using action research combined with evaluation. The Evaluation uses public data (both quantitative and qualitative) and evaluations done by third parties. That allows for a profound validation of the conclusions. Three central processes were singled out for the evaluation. 1 The makeover of the acute patients' way into the system, 2 the disease management program (=DPM) for patients suffering from COPD and 3 the introduction of an error-management system. Results: The operating results were raised from minus 15 million SEK in 2002 to plus 10 million SEK in 2005. Manhours were reduced with 20.6%. The average cost for a consultations were reduced with 24.6%. The introduction of the COPD DPM resulted in a saving of approximately 1 million SEK a year. A total of 312 adverse event reports were filled during the first 10 month - an average of 31 a month. The introduction of KM turned the organization into a patient centered, lean health care organization. Changed the decisions making, and resulted in a significant shift towards an acceptance culture. Conclusion: From the nature of the described projects, the description of the landmarks used and the discussion on how the projects fit into a Knowledge Management way of thinking it is concluded that a Knowledge Management approach was applied. The success of the turnaround described in the case makes a strong argument for the use of Knowledge Management when faced with the need to optimize health care systems.

Knowledge management. --- Health services administration.

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Let’s bring the woods into our ‘cities’ The planet is urbanizing. More than fifty percent of humanity lives in cities. Not all of those cities resemble the densely populated city centers of, for example, historic Paris or towering Manhattan. Most of our cities are made up of loosely built-up areas where urban and countryside meets in a mix of residential districts, shopping centers, residual nature, industrial areas, highways, agricultural lands, farms and villages.Urbanized territories need to be adjusted urgentlyWe need to increase the vegetation cover in these highly populated regions to adapt them to climate change and to support a wider range of ecosystem services: the conservation of biodiversity and the development of recreational areas. Put simply, parks and other types of green spaces need to become more wooded and urban woods must become a new dominant category of public space in urbanizing regions.Cities of treesPeople are naturally inclined to congregate in communities. So are trees. Most trees live together in forests, woodlands, or simply woods. They are the cities of trees, and we love them! We often say to one another, let’s go to the woods. But what if it was the other way around? If the woods came to us, into our cities? This reflection might seem obscure. At a second though however, it just might be the most logical and right thing to do. In academia, planning, policy, as well as in society at large, claims about the benefits of urban woods are multiplying.Laboratories in the woodsMore than thirty years ago, three landscape laboratories were created in Sweden and Denmark to provide space for experiments with alternative forest development. Since then, the laboratories have evolved. They continuously developed as an expression of the place-contextual dialogues and experiments between academics, students, practicians and residents. The laboratories represent an innovative approach in which design and management merge seamlessly into creative management in space and time. All this in the search for answers to the pressing question of what urban woods can mean and thus become in the future.Bridging knowledge culturesIn Woods go urban fourteen experienced landscape architects with extensive academic and professional experience share – for the first time – their knowledge and insights on the creation and management of the landscape laboratories in Scandinavia, emphasizing the links to vegetation, management, communication and local engagement.Based on four decades with 1:1 experiments and hands on experiences in the landscape laboratories, deep knowledge is presented to you about how to actually cultivate urban woods in open-ended approaches where production, management, biodiversity, and aesthetics enrich each other and makes all phases of development meaningful.The experiments and experiences bridges different disciplines: forestry and landscape architecture, urban and rural culture, design and management, lay-person and specialist. As such, Woods go urban provides insights for many professions and inspiration for urban regions, and entire nations that aim to transform policy goals and planning documents into creating and managing experienceable and living woods, in every place, now and for the future.

Arbres des villes --- Forêts périurbaines --- Forêts --- Écologie humaine --- Protection