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Contemporary Philosophy in Focus offers a series of introductory volumes to many of the dominant philosophical thinkers of the current age. Thomas Kuhn (1922-96), the author of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, is probably the best-known and most influential historian and philosopher of science of the last 25 years, and has become something of a cultural icon. His concepts of paradigm, paradigm change and incommensurability have changed the way we think about science. This volume offers an introduction to Kuhn's life and work and then considers the implications of Kuhn's work for philosophy, cognitive psychology, social studies of science and feminism. The volume is more than a retrospective on Kuhn, exploring future developments of cognitive and information services along Kuhnian lines. Outside of philosophy the volume will be of particular interest to professionals and students in cognitive science, history of science, science studies and cultural studies.

Science --- Philosophy. --- Kuhn, Thomas S. --- #KVHA:Filosofie --- #KVHA:Wetenschapsfilosofie --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Philosophy --- Kʻo-en, --- Kʻu-en, --- Kuhn, T. S. --- Kʻung-en, --- קון, תומאס ס. --- كون، توماس --- Kuhn, Thomas Samuel, --- Arts and Humanities

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Since the origin of the modern sciences, our views on discovery and creativity had a remarkable history. Originally, discovery was seen as an integral part of methodology and the logic of discovery as algorithmic or nearly algorithmic. During the nineteenth century, conceptions in line with romanticism led to the famous opposition between the context of discovery and the context of justification, culminating in a view that banned discovery from methodology. The revival of the methodological investigation of discovery, which started some thirty years ago, derived its major impetus from historical and sociological studies of the sciences and from developments within cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence. Today, a large majority of philosophers of science agrees that the classical conception as well as the romantic conception are mistaken. Against the classical conception, it is generally accepted that truly novel discoveries are not the result of simply applying some standardized procedure. Against the romantic conception, it is rejected that discoveries are produced by unstructured flashes of insight. An especially important result of the contemporary study concerns the availability of (descriptive and normative) models for explaining discoveries and creative processes. Descriptive models mainly aim at explaining the origin of novel products; normative models moreover address the question how rational researchers should proceed when confronted with problems for which a standard procedure is missing. The present book provides an overview of these models and of the important changes they induced within methodology. As appears from several papers, the methodological study of discovery and creativity led to profound changes in our conceptions of justification and acceptance, of rationality, of scientific change, and of conceptual change. The book contains contributions from both historians and philosophers of science. All of them, however, are methodological in the contemporary sense of the term. The central values of this methodology are empirical accurateness, clarity and precision, and rationality. The different contributions realize these values by their interdisciplinary nature. Some philosophically oriented papers rely on historical case studies and results from the cognitive sciences, others on recent results from the computer sciences and/or non-standard logics. The historically oriented papers address central philosophical questions and hypotheses.

Creative ability. --- Discoveries in science. --- Science -- Methodology. --- Science -- Philosophy. --- Discoveries in science --- Creative ability --- Sciences - General --- Philosophy --- Philosophy & Religion --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Science --- Philosophy. --- History. --- Mental philosophy --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science --- Philosophy and science. --- Philosophy of Science. --- History of Science. --- Humanities --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Science and philosophy

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The book answers long-standing questions on scientific modeling and inference across multiple perspectives and disciplines, including logic, mathematics, physics and medicine. The different chapters cover a variety of issues, such as the role models play in scientific practice; the way science shapes our concept of models; ways of modeling the pursuit of scientific knowledge; the relationship between our concept of models and our concept of science. The book also discusses models and scientific explanations; models in the semantic view of theories; the applicability of mathematical models to the real world and their effectiveness; the links between models and inferences; and models as a means for acquiring new knowledge. It analyzes different examples of models in physics, biology, mathematics and engineering. Written for researchers and graduate students, it provides a cross-disciplinary reference guide to the notion and the use of models and inferences in science.

Philosophy --- Mathematical logic --- Theory of knowledge --- Philosophy of science --- Mathematical physics --- Physics --- Artificial intelligence. Robotics. Simulation. Graphics --- neuronale netwerken --- fuzzy logic --- cybernetica --- theoretische fysica --- filosofie --- wetenschapsfilosofie --- kennisleer --- wiskunde --- KI (kunstmatige intelligentie) --- fysica --- logica