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Recounting the compelling story of a scientific discovery that took more than a century to complete, this trail-blazing monograph focuses on methodological issues and is the first to delve into this subject. This book charts how the biochemical and biophysical mechanisms of photosynthesis were teased out by succeeding generations of scientists, and the author highlights the reconstruction of the heuristics of modelling the mechanism—analyzed at both individual and collective levels. Photosynthesis makes for an instructive example. The first tentative ideas were developed by organic chemists around 1840, while by 1960 an elaborate proposal at a molecular level, for both light and dark reactions, was established. The latter is still assumed to be basically correct today. The author makes a persuasive case for a historically informed philosophy of science, especially regarding methodology, and advocates a history of science whose narrative deploys philosophical approaches and categories. She shows how scientists’ attempts to formulate, justify, modify, confirm or criticize their models are best interpreted as series of coordinated research actions, dependent on a network of super- and subordinated epistemic goals, and guided by recurrent heuristic strategies. With dedicated chapters on key figures such as Otto Warburg, who borrowed epistemic fundamentals from other disciplines to facilitate his own work on photosynthesis, and on more general topics relating to the development of the field after Warburg, this new work is both a philosophical reflection on the nature of scientific enquiry and a detailed history of the processes behind one of science’s most important discoveries. .

Philosophy. --- Philosophy of Biology. --- Plant Biochemistry. --- History of Science. --- Philosophy (General). --- Science --- Biology --- Biochemistry. --- Sciences --- Biologie --- Biochimie --- History. --- Histoire --- Philosophie --- Biology_xPhilosophy. --- Science_xHistory. --- Botany --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Biology - General --- Plant Physiology --- Photosynthesis. --- Plant biochemistry. --- Photobiology --- Plants --- Gases from plants --- Effect of light on --- Photorespiration --- Biology-Philosophy. --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Composition --- Biology—Philosophy. --- Phytochemistry --- Plant biochemistry --- Plant chemistry --- Biochemistry --- Phytochemicals --- Plant biochemical genetics --- Botanical chemistry. --- Vitalism

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Human sciences (algemeen) --- Theory of knowledge --- Philosophy of science --- epistomologie --- cultuurwetenschap

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Auf dem Dachboden des botanischen Instituts der Georg-August Universität Göttingen lagerte über sechzig Jahre, in ca. 50 Kisten verpackt, eine pharmakognostische Sammlung: Dokument einer Fachrichtung, die bis 1938 vom Institut vertreten wurde. Die Sammlung umfasst etwa 8.000 Proben und Objekte aus allen Bereichen der Materia Medica des 19. und beginnenden 20. Jahrhunderts; sie gehört damit zu den wenigen Universitätssammlungen, die in nahezu vollem Umfang erhalten blieben – ein Vergleich mit zeitgenössischen Lehrbüchern und Pharmakopöen zeigt, dass nahezu alle gängigen Drogen in zahlreichen Varianten enthalten sind. Die erhaltenen Sammlungsmuster zeigen, dass es sich nicht nur um eine bis heute wissenschaftliche Referenzsammlung handelt, sondern dass die Sammlung zugleich wichtige Funktionen in Forschung und Lehre incl. Ausbildung übernommen hat. Parallel zu der Katalogisierung wurde die Geschichte der Sammlung in Ansätzen rekonstruiert, und zu Teilbeständen wurden natur- und kulturwissenschaftliche Studien durchgeführt. Dabei wurde zunehmend deutlich, dass das Potential der Sammlung als Quellenbestand und Grundlage für eine Vielzahl wissenschaftshistorischer und naturwissenschaftlicher Studien erheblich ist; durch die Präsentation des Bestandes und seiner Geschichte hoffen wir, zu solchen Studien anzuregen. Prof. Dr. Volker Wissemann ist Professor für Spezielle Botanik an der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Direktor des Instituts für Botanik incl. Herbarium, Kondirektor der Hermann-Hoffmann-Akademie und wissenschaftlicher Leiter des botanischen Gartens Gießen. Er ist Mitglied der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen und Alumnus der Georgia Augusta. Prof. Dr. Kärin Nickelsen ist Professorin für Wissenschaftsgeschichte am Historischen Seminar der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. Sie ist Mitglied der Nationalen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Leopoldina) und Alumna der Georgia Augusta.

Biology, life sciences

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This book is the first in-depth study of eighteenth-century botanical illustrations, and its findings offer a completely new insight into the working practices of the botanists and scientific draughtsmen of this period. The author describes the different production stages of these illustrations, traces their uses by means of the private correspondence of participants and the documentation of the learned societies and academies, and explores their visual language, with particular emphasis placed on the difficult issue of colour. Finally, and for the first time, the author presents a convincing description of how these botanical illustrations developed, ascertaining the criteria that drove this process, which was arrived at through a careful study of the many copying links that the author discovered existed between images of the same species -- a sophisticated strategy that fulfilled the exacting requirements of eighteenth-century scientific botanical illustrations.

Human sciences (algemeen) --- Theory of knowledge --- Philosophy of science --- epistomologie --- cultuurwetenschap