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Investigations involving incisive mechanistic dissection of various types of synaptic plasticity have revealed that it plays key roles in neural development, sensory information processing, cortical remapping following brain injury, perception, and behavioral learning and memory. Disruptions of synaptic plasticity may underlie neurological and behavioral disorders such as Alzheimer disease, Fragile-X syndrome,  autism, and drug addiction. Multidisciplinary Tools for Investigating Synaptic Plasticity, therefore, assembles expert contributions that highlight techniques and strategies used in probing the cellular and molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity in the nervous systems of vertebrate and invertebrate species. Divided into three sections, this meticulous volume describes biochemical and genetic strategies for studying synaptic plasticity, behavior, neural development, and synaptogenesis, and also includes cellular electrophysiological and optical methods for interrogating a diverse array of mechanistic issues. As part of the Neuromethods series, this book contains the kind of detail and key implementation advice that maximizes successful results.   Authoritative and invaluable, Multidisciplinary Tools for Investigating Synaptic Plasticity serves as an ideal primer for introducing researchers to specific techniques that will enhance their success at addressing novel questions in synaptic plasticity at the lab bench.

Neurosciences. --- Human physiology. --- Neurochemistry. --- Human Physiology. --- Biochemistry --- Neurosciences --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Physiology --- Human body --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Nervous system

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The European Union attaches great performance to the cultural heritage of European cities. Measuring how one European city performs culturally and creatively has recently been enabled by the ‘Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor’, a policy instrument created by the European Commission to measure and benchmark cultural performances. Twenty-nine indicators were chosen and put into one composite indicator (CI) for 155 European cities. However, as stated by many researchers, capturing cultural and creative performances has many approaches, hence in this study we decided to opt for the ‘Benefit of the Doubt’-method. This method tackles the constraint of the fixed weighting scheme for all indicators, instead allowing flexible weights for each indicator. As a consequence, cities that perform well in low-weighted fixed indicators are now able to be rewarded with a higher weight assignment for this indicator. In order to avoid that excelling in only one indicator automatically would result in a high CI-score, the flexibility of these weights has been limited. Given this information, this study attempts to detect the peers that are considered as the benchmarks for the Belgian cities featured in the aforementioned Monitor. Along with the other featured cities in the Monitor, the Belgian cities were chosen because they all actively engage and invest in arts and culture. Nine out of 155 cities studied in the Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor are Belgian and thus will be discussed in this study. These cities are Antwerp, Brussels, Bruges, Ghent, Leuven, Liège, Namur, Mons and Ostend. Three city clusters based on GDP, population size and employment rate have been established to avoid situations where one city would get unrealistic benchmarks, which implies that cities have to belong in one’s city cluster to be eligible as one’s benchmark.

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National Guard Youth ChalleNGe is a residential, quasi-military program for young people ages 16 to 18 who are experiencing difficulty in traditional high school. This report covers the program years 2020-2021 and is the sixth in a series of annual reports that RAND Corporation researchers have issued over the course of two research projects. Each annual report supports the program's required annual report to Congress and documents the progress of participants who entered ChalleNGe during specific program years. In this report, the authors provide information on program participants in 2020-2021. The report also describes analyses in support of the Job ChalleNGe program. The analytic approach includes a synthesis of the existing literature, qualitative data collected from virtual site visits and interviews, and quantitative program data. Caveats to be considered include some documented inconsistencies in reported data across sites and the short-run nature of many of the metrics reported here. This report will be of interest to ChalleNGe program staff and to personnel providing oversight for the program; it may also be of interest to policymakers and researchers concerned with designing effective youth programs or determining appropriate metrics by which to track progress in youth programs.

High school dropouts --- Military education --- Residence and education --- Alternative schools --- Services for. --- Evaluation.