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This report, which aims to raise awareness, identify gaps, and inform policies, is the first comprehensive report on NCDs in Kosovo. Unlike available studies, the present work explores multiple aspects of NCDs, including their burden on health outcomes, risk factors, management, economic burden, and policies introduced to protect the population from these conditions. The report's findings are based on data from existing literature, official documents such as laws, regulations, and protocols, secondary data analysis, and interviews with key informants. The report presents comparisons with available data from the Western Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina [BiH], Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia), aspirational (former socialist, small European Union member states such as Croatia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Slovenia) and structural peers (Albania, Armenia, Moldova, North Macedonia, and Kyrgyz) to contextualize the findings. The report concludes by providing recommendations to reduce the burden of NCDs in Kosovo to protect the human capital of current and future generations.

Tobacco use.

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Over the last decade, results-based financing (RBF) health programs have been implemented in several countries at different levels of income. Due to its requirement of rigorous verification of results as a condition for financing, as well as a number of accompanying measures to help achieve the results, RBF has a promise of value for money. RBF's potential for improving the performance of the service delivery system has led the government of Vietnam to undertake a pilot of RBF in the Nghe An province as part of a World Bank funded operation. The main objective of the pilot was to experiment an RBF approach in the Vietnam context, where public sector providers have been receiving budget allocation based on inputs rather than performance. A secondary objective was to test the effects of RBF in improving quality of care at the grassroots level and in addressing the challenges of emerging noncommunicable diseases. The intervention included quality improvement at the district level and both quality and quantity of services at commune health station.

Health Service Management And Delivery --- Health, Nutrition And Population

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Systematic assessments of the quality of care provide a platform for taking stock of achievements, identifying gaps, and having an informed discourse on the way forward. However, data-driven comprehensive assessments of the state of quality in the Kyrgyz Republic are lacking, despite much anecdotal evidence on poor quality of care. This report will be the first attempt at bringing together different datasets and sources of information to provide a comprehensive data-driven view of the state of quality in the country, with international benchmarking of the Kyrgyz data as and when appropriate. This report will describe the socioeconomic context in the country with a focus on health financing and outcomes in its first chapter. In the second chapter, the current state of quality in the Kyrgyz Republic will be evaluated using the quality measurement framework proposed by Donabedian. Findings from the assessment will inform key conclusions and policy recommendations in the final chapter of the report.

Child Health --- Health Care Services Industry --- Health Service Management and Delivery --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Industry --- Maternal Health

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With the movement toward universal health coverage gaining momentum, the global health research community has made significant efforts to advance knowledge about the impact of various schemes to expand population coverage. The impacts on efficiency, quality, and gaps in service utilization of reforms to provider payment methods are less well studied and understood. The current paper contributes to this limited knowledge by evaluating the impact of a shift by Vietnam's social health insurance agency from reimbursing hospitals on a fee-for-service basis to making a capitation payment to the district hospital where the enrollee lives. The analysis uses panel data on hospitals over the period 2005-2011 and multiple cross-section data sets from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys to estimate impacts on efficiency, quality, and equity. The paper finds that capitation increases hospitals' efficiency, as measured by recurrent expenditure and drug expenditure per case, but has no effect on surgery complication rates or in-hospital deaths. In response to the shift to capitation, hospitals scaled down service provision to the insured and increased provision to the uninsured (who continue to pay out-of-pocket on a fee-for-service basis). The study points to the need to anticipate the intended and unintended effects of any payment reform and the trade-offs among policy objectives.

Capitation --- Disease Control & Prevention --- Health Insurance --- Health Law --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health Systems Development & Reform --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hospitals --- Population Policies --- Provider Payment Reform --- Purchasing