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Managing the entry and exit of individual travelers at U.S. borders is an important aspect of border and homeland security, particularly given the longstanding difficulties the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the U.S. border protection apparatus has had in meeting legislatively mandated standards for identifying travelers and documenting their arrivals and departures. This paper outlines a number of questions regarding current entry and exit policies and procedures the answers to which may lead to helpful modifications. It also looks at questions surrounding the issue of whether pursuing current objectives for entry and exit processing--especially objectives established by Congress--represents the best use of DHS budgetary and managerial resources.

Visitors, Foreign --- Visas --- Terrorism --- Government policy --- Prevention. --- United States --- Emigration and immigration --- Government policy.

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This report presents a profile of Soviet international financial activity and a short history of the Soviet Union's reversal of financial fortunes that began in late 1989. Updating R-3524, it provides much new material necessitated by changes in the way the Soviet Union conducts its financial affairs. The author finds that three elements of the current Soviet financial situation are likely to have a strong influence on Soviet international finance for the next few years: (1) the near total dependence of the Soviet Union on the goodwill of Western governments if it is to borrow hard-currency funds; (2) the short maturity of Soviet international debt; and (3) slack in Soviet hard-currency accounts in the form of Soviet financial assistance to other countries.

Foreign exchange --- Balance of payments --- Loans, Foreign --- Capital movements --- Perestroĭka.

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Foreign trade and employment --- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization) --- Tokyo Round --- United States --- Commercial policy.

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Administrative agencies --- Executive departments --- Electronic mail systems --- E-mail systems --- Electronic message systems --- Email systems --- Data transmission systems --- Telematics --- Voice mail systems --- Departments, Executive --- Government ministries --- Ministries, Government --- Ministries, State --- State ministries --- Agencies, Administrative --- Executive agencies --- Government agencies --- Regulatory agencies --- Administrative law --- Public administration --- Communication systems. --- Law and legislation --- Administration publique --- Ministères --- Courrier électronique --- Communication systems --- Communication, Systèmes de

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Explores why some financial crises appear to be contagious, and why some financial markets in emerging market countries appear to be vulnerable to contagion whereas others are not. The authors analyze multicountry crisis episodes from January 1989 to August 1997 and develop four informal models of transition mechanisms: (1) "Economic linkages" describes the case where a foreign financial crisis acts as a common shock to countries with strong economic linkages to the country in crisis; (2) "heightened awareness" suggests that investors with incomplete information may ignore poor economic conditions in some countries until a crisis occurs somewhere else, at which point they dump their investments in those countries; (3) "portfolio adjustment" describes what happens when liquidity-constrained portfolio managers sell off other countries' assets in order to meet an expected increase in redemptions from a country in crisis; (4) "herd behavior" is probably the most widely accepted view of contagion, suggesting that investors abandon their investments largely in response to what they think other investors are doing. Finally, case studies of Argentina, South Africa, and Thailand illustrate the usefulness of the models.

Financial crises. --- Financial crises