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In 1944, an international conference was convened in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, to lay out a framework for international economic relations in the postwar world. The institutions that grew out of that conference --the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)--have generally served us well. But today's international economic environment is much different than could have been foreseen in 1944, and the time may be ripe for a broad rethinking of international economic institutions and arrangements. Four fundamental policy questions underlie debates about the future nature and purposes of international economic institutions. First, should concerted efforts be made to stabilize exchange rates among major currencies? Second, has the expansion of private credit and capital markets eliminated the need for official sources of international credit? Third, do the GATT principles of nondiscrimination and multilateralism still provide the best basis for expanding world trade? Fourth, what aspects of economic regulation require international cooperation?

Financial institutions, International. --- Foreign trade regulation. --- International economic relations. --- International finance.

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Managing the entry and exit of individual travelers at U.S. borders is an important aspect of border and homeland security, particularly given the longstanding difficulties the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and the U.S. border protection apparatus has had in meeting legislatively mandated standards for identifying travelers and documenting their arrivals and departures. This paper outlines a number of questions regarding current entry and exit policies and procedures the answers to which may lead to helpful modifications. It also looks at questions surrounding the issue of whether pursuing current objectives for entry and exit processing--especially objectives established by Congress--represents the best use of DHS budgetary and managerial resources.

Visitors, Foreign --- Visas --- Terrorism --- Government policy --- Prevention. --- United States --- Emigration and immigration --- Government policy.

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This report presents a profile of Soviet international financial activity and a short history of the Soviet Union's reversal of financial fortunes that began in late 1989. Updating R-3524, it provides much new material necessitated by changes in the way the Soviet Union conducts its financial affairs. The author finds that three elements of the current Soviet financial situation are likely to have a strong influence on Soviet international finance for the next few years: (1) the near total dependence of the Soviet Union on the goodwill of Western governments if it is to borrow hard-currency funds; (2) the short maturity of Soviet international debt; and (3) slack in Soviet hard-currency accounts in the form of Soviet financial assistance to other countries.

Foreign exchange --- Balance of payments --- Loans, Foreign --- Capital movements --- Perestroĭka.

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Foreign trade and employment --- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization) --- Tokyo Round --- United States --- Commercial policy.

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Administrative agencies --- Executive departments --- Electronic mail systems --- E-mail systems --- Electronic message systems --- Email systems --- Data transmission systems --- Telematics --- Voice mail systems --- Departments, Executive --- Government ministries --- Ministries, Government --- Ministries, State --- State ministries --- Agencies, Administrative --- Executive agencies --- Government agencies --- Regulatory agencies --- Administrative law --- Public administration --- Communication systems. --- Law and legislation --- Administration publique --- Ministères --- Courrier électronique --- Communication systems --- Communication, Systèmes de