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The aim of this book is to explain economic dualism in the history of modern Europe. The emergence of the manorial-serf economy in the Bohemia, Poland, and Hungary in the 16th and the 17th centuries was the result of a cumulative impact of various circumstantial factors. The weakness of cities in Central Europe disturbed the social balance – so characteristic for Western-European societies – between burghers and the nobility. The political dominance of the nobility hampered the development of cities and limited the influence of burghers, paving the way to the rise of serfdom and manorial farms. These processes were accompanied by increased demand for agricultural products in Western Europe

History --- Brzechczyn --- cascade process --- Central --- Distinctiveness --- economic dualism --- economical backwardness --- Europe --- Historical --- manorial-serf economy --- modeling --- modern history --- Philosophy --- Study --- Europe, Central --- Philosophy. --- Economic conditions. --- Central Europe --- History.

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This book shows the literary legacy of Bolesław Leśmian, the great Polish writer, as engaged in a dialogue with the tradition, and forged on the crossroads of literatures, and epochs. Exploring American, French and Russian contexts (Poe’s writing, Baudelaire’s oeuvre, Balmont’s texts, the symbolist style, the bylinna tradition), highlighting the correspondences between Leśmian and the romantics (Pushkin, Gogol) as well as the modernists (Jesienin, Gorodetsky) and connecting his work to Ukrainian culture through the evocation of old Slavic folklore, the book showcases Leśmian’s work as an example of interliterary and inter-cultural transfer of aesthetics, styles, genres and motifs. A crucial outcome of this research is the codifying of a contextual analysis as a method of comparative studies.

International relations. --- Coexistence --- Foreign affairs --- Foreign policy --- Foreign relations --- Global governance --- Interdependence of nations --- International affairs --- Peaceful coexistence --- World order --- National security --- Sovereignty --- World politics --- Boleslaw --- Bolesław Leśmian --- Comparative --- Comparative research --- Comparative studies --- Contextual --- Contextual relations --- Internationally --- Leśmian --- Nalewajk --- Polish literature --- Relations --- Slavic literature --- Studies --- Study --- Turecka --- Leśmian, Bolesław --- Leśmian, Bolesław. --- Criticism and interpretation. --- 1900-1999 --- Leshmiʼan, Boleslav --- Leshmiyan, Boleslav --- Lesman, B. --- Lesman, Bolesław --- Leśmian, Bolesław, --- Leśmian, Bolesław Stanisław --- לשמיאן, בולסלב