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J4168 --- J4000.60 --- J4202.70 --- J1650 --- J1008.60 --- J4301 --- Merchants --- -Social sciences --- -Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Businesspeople --- Japan: Sociology and anthropology -- communities, social classes and groups -- merchants --- Japan: Social history, history of civilization -- Kinsei, Edo, Tokugawa period, early modern (1600-1867) --- Japan: Sociology and anthropology -- communities -- social classes and groups -- merchants --- Japan: Philosophy -- ethics --- Japan: Philosophy -- history -- Kinsei, Edo, Tokugawa period, early modern (1600-1867) --- Japan: Economy and industry -- policy, legislation, guidelines, codes of behavior --- Intellectual life --- History --- Kaitokudō --- -Kaitoku Shoin --- Kaitokudō Merchant Academy of Osaka --- 懐徳 --- 懐徳堂 --- 懷徳堂 --- 懷德堂 --- Japan --- -Merchants --- Social sciences --- Intellectual life. --- History. --- -Japan: Sociology and anthropology -- communities, social classes and groups -- merchants --- -History --- -J4168 --- Behavioral sciences --- Kaitokudō --- Kaitoku Shoin --- Commerce

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The modern political consciousness of Japan cannot be understood without reference to the history of the Tokugawa period, the era between 1600 and 1868 that preceded Japan's modern transformation. Tetsuo Najita introduces the ideas of the leading political thinker of the period, Ogyu Sorai (1666-1728), a pivotal figure in laying the conceptual foundations of Japan's modernization. His basic thoughts about history and the ethical purposes of politics are presented, revealing the richness of the philosophical legacy of eighteenth-century Japan, a legacy which cannot be seen through the perspective of 'westernization'. His ideas reveal a vision of human diversity and individual virtue which can be viewed in comparative perspective, as well as an insight into the history and politics of Japan. The texts are accompanied by a chronology of Sorai's life, a glossary, a guide to persons mentioned in the text, and a guide to further reading, as well as Professor Najita's introduction, which puts Sorai's work into philosophical and historical context.

Social Sciences --- Political Science --- Ogyū, Sorai, --- Sorai, Ogyū --- Butsu, Mokei, --- Disheng, Culai, --- Monobe, Mokei, --- Ogyū, Mokei, --- Ogyū, Nabematsu, --- Akagi-ō, --- Ken'en, --- Yōan, --- 荻生徂徠, --- 荻生徂徕, --- 荻生徂來, --- 荻生徂来,

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Hara, Takashi, --- Japan --- Politics and government.

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The author explores a powerful theme in the economic thought and practice of ordinary citizens in late Tokugawa and early modern Japan. He examines commoners' writings on the virtues of commerce, on the reconstruction of villages, and on groups offering credit and loans, particularly the traditional cooperative, the kō, which citizens created to save on another in times of famine and fiscal emergency without having to turn to their government. The author's discussion centers on the relationship among economics, ethics, and the epistemological premise that nature must serve as the first principle of all knowledge, and he illuminates comparative issues of poverty, capitalism, and modernity.

Japan --- Economic conditions

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