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The science of ecotoxicology and the practice of ecological risk assessment are evolving rapidly. Ecotoxicology as a subject area came into prominence in the 1960s after the publication of Rachel Carson's book on the impact of pesticides on the environment. The rise of public and scientific concern for the effects of chemical pollutants on the environment in the 1960s and 1970s led to the development of the discipline of ecotoxicology, a science that takes into account the effects of chemicals in the context of ecology. Until the early 1980s, in spite of public concern and interest among scientists, the assessment of ecological risks associated with natural or synthetic pollutants was not considered a priority issue by most government. However, as the years passed, a better understanding of the importance of ecotoxicology emerged and with it, in some countries, the progressive formalization of an ecological risk assessment process. Ecological risk assessment is a conceptual tool for organizing and analyzing data and information to evaluate the likelihood that one or more stressors are causing or will cause adverse ecological effects. Ecological risk assessment allows risk managers to consider available scientific information when selecting a course of action, in addition to other factors that may affect their decision (e. g. , social, legal, political, or economic). Ecological risk assessment includes three phases (problem formulation, analysis, and risk characterization).

Environmental toxicology --- Ecological risk assessment --- Environmental Pollution --- Ecosystem --- Risk Assessment --- Toxicology --- Congresses --- Methodology --- methods --- Ecological risk assessment -- Methodology -- Congresses. --- Ecosystem -- Congresses. --- Environmental Pollution -- Congresses. --- Environmental toxicology -- Congresses. --- Risk Assessment -- Methods -- Congresses. --- Toxicology -- Congresses. --- Pharmacology --- Investigative Techniques --- Risk --- Publication Formats --- Epidemiologic Measurements --- Environment --- Risk Management --- Public Health --- Publication Characteristics --- Environment and Public Health --- Organization and Administration --- Probability --- Health Occupations --- Ecological and Environmental Phenomena --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Health Care --- Biological Phenomena --- Statistics as Topic --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Health Services Administration --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Phenomena and Processes --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Quality of Health Care --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Methods --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Toxicology & Public Health --- Assessment, Ecological risk --- Ecological risk analysis --- Ecological risk estimation --- Life sciences. --- Environmental sciences. --- Biochemistry. --- Radiation protection. --- Radiation --- Environmental health. --- Air pollution. --- Life Sciences. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Environmental Science and Engineering. --- Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution. --- Effects of Radiation/Radiation Protection. --- Environmental Monitoring/Analysis. --- Environmental Health. --- Safety measures. --- Applied ecology --- Environmental impact analysis --- Risk assessment --- Environmental protection. --- Environmental Medicine. --- Monitoring/Environmental Analysis. --- Environmental quality management --- Protection of environment --- Environmental sciences --- Environmental engineering --- Environmental policy --- Environmental quality --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Composition --- Radiation—Safety measures. --- Environmental monitoring. --- Health --- Health ecology --- Public health --- Health risk assessment --- Biomonitoring (Ecology) --- Ecological monitoring --- Monitoring, Environmental --- Pollution --- Radiation monitoring --- Radiation protection --- Air --- Air contaminants --- Air pollutants --- Air pollution --- Air pollution control --- Air toxics --- Airborne pollutants --- Atmosphere --- Contaminants, Air --- Control of air pollution --- Pollutants, Air --- Toxics, Air --- Air quality --- Atmospheric deposition --- Environmental science --- Science --- Health aspects --- Environmental aspects --- Measurement --- Monitoring --- Control