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Over the centuries, the Middle East has held an important place in the religious consciousness of many Christians in West and East. In the nineteenth century, these interests culminated in extensive missionary work of Protestant and Roman Catholic organisations, among Eastern Christians, Muslims and Jews. The present volume, in articles written by an international group of scholars, discusses themes like the historical background of Christian geopiety among Roman Catholics and Protestants, and the internal tensions and conflicting aims of missions and missionaries, such as between nationalist and internationalist interests, between various rival organisations and between conversionalist and civilizational aims of missions in the Ottoman Empire. In a synthetic overview and a comprehensive bibliography an up-to-date introduction into this field is provided.

Missions --- Congresses. --- Congrès --- 266 <5-011> --- Christian missions --- Christianity --- Missions, Foreign --- Religion --- Theology, Practical --- Proselytizing --- Missies. Evangelisatie. Zending--Nabije-Oosten. Midden-Oosten --- Congrès --- Missions - Middle East - Congresses.

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This volume is dedicated to professor Jacob Hoftijzer on the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday as well as of his retirement from the chair of 'Hebrew Language and Literature, the Israelite Antiquities and Ugaritic' at the University of Leiden. After a preface by A. van der Heide and a bibliographical list of Hoftijzer's publications, the volume contains 16 essays on syntactical questions in the field of Hebrew and Aramaic. Most of these essays deal with subjects occurring in Hoftijzer's publications. Such are the nominal sentence, the particle 'et' , questions related to clause types as well as to word order and concord within sentences, the status and use of particles and verbal forms. Whereas Biblical Hebrew is discussed in most of the essays, other language forms are represented as well, esp. Mishnaic and Modern Hebrew, Imperial Aramaic, Middle Aramaic and Classical Syriac.

Hebrew language --- Aramaic language --- Syntax. --- 221.02*1 --- 221.02*2 --- 221 <082> --- -Hebrew language --- -Jewish language --- Jews --- Semitic languages, Northwest --- Aramean language --- Biblical Aramaic language --- Chaldaic language --- Chaldean language (Aramaic) --- Chaldee language --- Syriac language --- Oud Testament: bijbelse filologie: hebreeuws --- Oud Testament: bijbelse filologie: aramees --- Bijbel: Oud Testament--Feestbundels. Festschriften --- Syntax --- Languages --- -Oud Testament: bijbelse filologie: hebreeuws --- 221.02*2 Oud Testament: bijbelse filologie: aramees --- 221.02*1 Oud Testament: bijbelse filologie: hebreeuws --- -221.02*2 Oud Testament: bijbelse filologie: aramees --- Jewish language --- Bible. --- Antico Testamento --- Hebrew Bible --- Hebrew Scriptures --- Kitve-ḳodesh --- Miḳra --- Old Testament --- Palaia Diathēkē --- Pentateuch, Prophets, and Hagiographa --- Sean-Tiomna --- Stary Testament --- Tanakh --- Tawrāt --- Torah, Neviʼim, Ketuvim --- Torah, Neviʼim u-Khetuvim --- Velho Testamento --- Language, style. --- Bible. Old Testament --- Language, style --- Hebrew language - Syntax. --- Aramaic language - Syntax.

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"Arabic and its Alternatives discusses the complicated relationships between language, religion and communal identities in the Middle East in the period following the First World War. This volume takes its starting point in the non-Arabic and non-Muslim communities, tracing their linguistic and literary practices as part of a number of interlinked processes, including that of religious modernization, of new types of communal identity politics and of socio-political engagement with the emerging nation states and their accompanying nationalisms. These twentieth-century developments are firmly rooted in literary and linguistic practices of the Ottoman period, but take new turns under influence of colonization and decolonization, showing the versatility and resilience as much as the vulnerability of these linguistic and religious minorities in the region. Contributors are Tijmen C. Baarda, Leyla Dakhli, Sasha R. Goldstein-Sabbah, Liora R. Halperin, Robert Isaf, Michiel Leezenberg, Merav Mack, Heleen Murre-van den Berg, Konstantinos Papastathis, Franck Salameh, Cyrus Schayegh, Emmanuel Szurek, Peter Wien".

Language and culture --- Languages in contact --- Linguistic minorities --- Minorities --- Multilingualism --- Religious minorities --- History. --- Middle East --- Languages. --- Plurilingualism --- Polyglottism --- Language and languages --- Ethnic minorities --- Foreign population --- Minority groups --- Persons --- Assimilation (Sociology) --- Discrimination --- Ethnic relations --- Majorities --- Plebiscite --- Race relations --- Segregation --- Minority languages --- Sociolinguistics --- Areal linguistics --- Culture and language --- Culture --- Political aspects --- Minoritized languages --- Middle Eastern history