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"ENOX Proteins" documents a unique family of cell surface proteins which are the exclusive discovery (subsequently confirmed by others) of the authors, their students and their colleagues. An ENOX-based mechanism is provided for how cells increase in size that is both unique and applicable not only to cancer and cancer therapy but also to production agriculture and biomass increase. The role of ENOX proteins in biological time-keeping is described along with evidence for oscillations in the ratios of electron spin pairs defining ortho and para water states that form highly coordinated populations of coherent water of interest to physicists as the underlying mechanism. The age-related NADH oxidases that appear around age 30 and increase steadily thereafter with potentially causal involvements in atherogenesis and skin aging have been identified as five members of the TM-9 protein superfamily of all with different chromosomal locations. The arNOX proteins initially are membrane anchored but functionally-active N-terminal fragments that are shed into body fluids. Except for critical functional motifs, all of the ENOX protein family members have distinct protein sequences and chromosomal origins. A fourth member of the ENOX protein family occurs in plants as the primary target for both natural and synthetic growth hormone (auxin)-stimulated rapid cell enlargement. Despite masquerading as intractable and difficult to clone and characterize, ENOX proteins offer remarkable opportunities for research, commercial development and outside confirmation of new paradigms to help explain complex biological processes.

Biophysics. --- Membrane proteins. --- Physical biochemistry. --- Proteomics. --- Membrane proteins --- Proteomics --- Proteins --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Membrane Proteins --- Neoplasm Proteins --- Chemistry --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Biochemistry --- Cytology --- Animal Biochemistry --- Proteins. --- Cells --- Proteids --- Aging. --- Life sciences. --- Cancer research. --- Plant biochemistry. --- Cytokines. --- Growth factors. --- Cell biology. --- Life Sciences. --- Protein Science. --- Cell Biology. --- Cytokines and Growth Factors. --- Cancer Research. --- Plant Biochemistry. --- Biomolecules --- Polypeptides --- Aging

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Plant embryology and development --- Croissance (Plantes) --- Groei (Planten) --- Growth (Plants) --- Plant growth --- Planten--Groei --- Plantengroei --- Plants--Growth --- Second messengers (Biochemistry) --- Plants --- Plantes --- Seconds messagers (Biochimie) --- Development --- Développement --- Développement --- Plants - Development.

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The Golgi apparatus (GA) found as a ubiquitous component of all eukaryotic cells is typically comprised of stacks of 3 to 7 or more saccules called cisternae that consist of a lumen or central cavity surrounded by a membrane. At the peripheries of the saccules may be found perforations about 600 nM in diameter known as fenestrate. Such fenestrated margins are usually continuous with a system of vesicles and tubules. The individual stacks are organized into larger aggregate GA structures either side-by-side to form a complex ribbon with stacks interconnected by the peripheral tubules or in a dispersed arrangement with the stacks widely separated to appear almost as discrete units within the cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus is often considered as the "distribution and shipping department" for the cell but also plays an equally important role in cell growth and membrane biogenesis. It modifies proteins and lipids (fats) to prepare them for export outside the cell or for delivery to the plasma membrane in support of membrane growth and replacement of membrane constituents lost due to turnover. The Golgi Apparatus traces the first 100 years of GA discovery from the first published accounts from Pavia, Italy, in 1898 to the Centenary Celebration in Pavia, Italy, in 1998 to our most recent discoveries. It summarizes the past 50 years beginning with the modern era of GA discovery initiated in 1954 and made possible by the advent of the electron microscope, methods of cell fractionation and biochemical analysis, leading up to the present era where focus has been on molecular biology. Emphasized are organization and function, the existence and importance of cisternal tubules, development of methods of GA isolation and subfractionation, biochemical analyses of highly purified GA fractions and comparison to equally highly purified reference fractions and their use in cell free systems analysis of membrane trafficking, the concept of GA function as part of an integrated system of internal endomembranes (the endomembrane system), evidence for differentiation of membranes across the stacks of GA cisternae, and flux of membrane constituents along the polarity gradient defined by membrane differentiation all culminating in the membrane maturation or flow differentiation model of GA function. More recent contributions to GA in cell growth (enlargement) and to cancer are summarized in final chapters.

Golgi Apparatus. --- Golgi apparatus --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Cytology --- Golgi apparatus. --- Cell organelles. --- Organelles, Cell --- Golgi bodies --- Golgi elements --- Golgi material --- Life sciences. --- Cancer research. --- Neurosciences. --- Biochemistry. --- Plant biochemistry. --- Cell biology. --- Microscopy. --- Life Sciences. --- Cell Biology. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Biological Microscopy. --- Plant Biochemistry. --- Cancer Research. --- Cytoplasm --- Cell organelles --- Protoplasm --- Cytology. --- Oncology. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Nervous system --- Tumors --- Analysis, Microscopic --- Light microscopy --- Micrographic analysis --- Microscope and microscopy --- Microscopic analysis --- Optical microscopy --- Optics --- Composition --- Cancer research --- Phytochemistry --- Plant biochemistry --- Plant chemistry --- Biochemistry --- Botany --- Phytochemicals --- Plant biochemical genetics

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• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

"ENOX Proteins" documents a unique family of cell surface proteins which are the exclusive discovery (subsequently confirmed by others) of the authors, their students and their colleagues. An ENOX-based mechanism is provided for how cells increase in size that is both unique and applicable not only to cancer and cancer therapy but also to production agriculture and biomass increase. The role of ENOX proteins in biological time-keeping is described along with evidence for oscillations in the ratios of electron spin pairs defining ortho and para water states that form highly coordinated populations of coherent water of interest to physicists as the underlying mechanism. The age-related NADH oxidases that appear around age 30 and increase steadily thereafter with potentially causal involvements in atherogenesis and skin aging have been identified as five members of the TM-9 protein superfamily of all with different chromosomal locations. The arNOX proteins initially are membrane anchored but functionally-active N-terminal fragments that are shed into body fluids. Except for critical functional motifs, all of the ENOX protein family members have distinct protein sequences and chromosomal origins. A fourth member of the ENOX protein family occurs in plants as the primary target for both natural and synthetic growth hormone (auxin)-stimulated rapid cell enlargement. Despite masquerading as intractable and difficult to clone and characterize, ENOX proteins offer remarkable opportunities for research, commercial development and outside confirmation of new paradigms to help explain complex biological processes.

Chemical structure --- Genetics --- Histology. Cytology --- General biochemistry --- Biology --- Immunology. Immunopathology --- Oncology. Neoplasms --- Biochemical engineering --- biomassa --- protein-engineering --- proteomics --- biochemie --- biologie --- oncologie --- cytokines --- cytologie --- groeifactoren --- histologie --- eiwitten --- planten --- moleculaire biologie --- proteïnen