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This book addresses how the regulation of international commercial arbitrators takes place. International commercial arbitrators are a unique category of service providers because they are not organised as other professionals such as accountants, lawyers and doctors. The book provides an overview of how and why the regulation of international commercial arbitrators diverged from that of other professions. It also argues that, despite these differences, there is an effective regulatory environment overseeing the behaviour of international commercial arbitrators. The book unpicks the different elements that contribute to the creation and enforcement of professional norms in this field. It explains how the specific characteristics of the arbitral market create strong incentives for ethical norms to be created, even in the absence of the institutions that usually address these issues in other fields. It also describes how market and social forces drive arbitrators to comply with these norms in most circumstances. Finally, the book addresses the ways in which this regulatory system also explains some of the perceived weaknesses of arbitration, namely the rising costs of proceedings and the perceived unfairness of appointments.
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Lipid-based nanosystems, including solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), cationic lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, and liposomes, have been extensively studied to improve drug delivery through different administration routes. The main advantages of these systems are their ability to protect, transport, and control the release of lipophilic and hydrophilic molecules (either small-molecular-weight molecules or macromolecules); the use of generally recognized as safe (GRAS) excipients that minimize the toxicity of the formulations; and the possibility to modulate pharmacokinetics and enable the site-specific delivery of encapsulated payloads. In addition, the versatility of lipid-based nanosystems has further been demonstrated for the delivery of vaccines, the protection of active cosmetic ingredients, and the improvement of moisturizing properties of cosmetic formulations.Lipid-based nanosystems are well established and there are already different commercially approved formulations for various human disorders. This success has paved the way for the diversification of the pipeline of development, to address unmet medical needs for several indications, such as cancer, neurological disorders, and autoimmune, genetic, and infectious diseases.This Special Issue aims to update readers on the latest research on lipid-based nanosystems, both at the preclinical and clinical levels. A series of 15 articles (six reviews and nine studies) is presented, with authors from 12 different countries, showing the globality of the investigations that are being carried out in this area.
Technology: general issues --- Echinococcus granulosus --- scolicidal --- nanoliposome --- juglone --- apoptotic activity --- hydrogel --- SLNs --- nose-to-brain delivery --- mucoadhesion --- quality by design --- antioxidant activity --- nasal administration --- nanostructured lipid carriers --- solid lipid nanoparticles --- in vitro cell cultures --- 3D nasal casts --- lung cancer --- targeted drug delivery --- lipid-based nanocarriers --- pulmonary delivery --- dry powder inhalers --- aerosols --- liposomes --- nanoemulsions --- nanotechnology --- biologically active compounds --- dermal drug delivery --- polyphenols --- phytophenols --- skin permeation --- chemotherapy --- radiotherapy --- active targeting --- passive targeting --- tumor --- immunoconjugate --- traditional liposome --- stealth liposome --- triggered release --- limitations of liposomes --- drug transfer --- in vitro release --- colloidal drug carriers --- lipid nanoparticles --- hydrogel beads --- cholesteryl nonanoate --- bovine serum albumin --- skin diseases --- lipid-based nanosystems --- cream --- ointment --- gel --- pH-sensitive --- liposome --- imidazole --- anticancer --- drug delivery --- multicellular spheroids --- dapagliflozin --- Box–Behnken design --- FTIR --- DSC --- XRD --- SEM --- AFM --- in vitro Franz diffusion cells --- lipid-based nanoparticles --- nanocarrier --- surface charge --- delivery systems --- chronic treatment --- mice --- anti-oxidant activity --- hepatoprotective effect --- phospholipid --- phytosomes --- Silymarin --- Colorectal Cancer --- Niosomes --- Oxaliplatin --- Paclitaxel --- d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) --- therapeutic nucleic acids --- schizophrenia --- quetiapine fumarate --- glycerosomes --- central composite rotatable design --- bioavailability --- pharmacokinetic --- n/a --- Box-Behnken design
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This book offers an authoritative review of biopharmaceuticals and their clinical relevance. Biopharmaceuticals have been showing high therapeutic potential by means of biological and biosimilar medicines, particularly for the treatment of cancer, chronic diseases (e.g. diabetes, Crohn's disease, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis), neurodegenerative disorders (e.g. multiple sclerosis), and they have also been contributing to the progress of innovative therapies such as assisted reproductive medicine. Since the eighties, several biopharmaceuticals have been approved and, due to patents expiration, many biosimilars are also marketed. In this book, readers will find the most relevant updated information about the main clinical applications of pharmaceutical biotechnology. The authors provide expert analysis about the industrial challenges of recombinant proteins and the different classes of biopharmaceuticals, including monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, growth factors and stem cells. Topics such as bioprinting technologies in tissue engineering, gene therapy and personalized medicine are also covered in this book. Professionals, students and researchers interested in this field will find this work an important account.
Chemistry --- Pharmacology. Therapy --- Human genetics --- Biotechnology --- Chemical technology --- Manufacturing technologies --- medische genetica --- farmacologie --- genetica --- biotechnologie --- histologie --- chemische technologie --- proteïnen
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