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This text is a practical guide for linguists, and programmers, who work with data in multilingual computational environments. We introduce the basic concepts needed to understand how writing systems and character encodings function, and how they work together at the intersection between the Unicode Standard and the International Phonetic Alphabet. Although these standards are often met with frustration by users, they nevertheless provide language researchers and programmers with a consistent computational architecture needed to process, publish and analyze lexical data from the world's languages. Thus we bring to light common, but not always transparent, pitfalls which researchers face when working with Unicode and IPA. Having identified and overcome these pitfalls involved in making writing systems and character encodings syntactically and semantically interoperable (to the extent that they can be), we created a suite of open-source Python and R tools to work with languages using orthography profiles that describe author- or document-specific orthographic conventions. In this cookbook we describe a formal specification of orthography profiles and provide recipes using open source tools to show how users can segment text, analyze it, identify errors, and to transform it into different written forms for comparative linguistics research.

Ortografía --- Lingüística --- Unicode (Computer character set) --- Language and languages --- Orthography and spelling. --- Orthography --- Spelling --- Writing --- Character sets (Data processing) --- Spelling reform --- Linguistics

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The present volume collects contributions addressing different aspects of the measurement of linguistic differences, a topic which probably is as old as language itself butat the same timehas acquired renewed interest over the last decade or so, reflecting a rapid development of data-intensive computing in all fields of research, including linguistics.

Language and languages -- Congresses. --- Linguistics -- Congresses. --- Sociolinguistics. --- Linguistics --- Languages & Literatures --- Philology & Linguistics --- Linguistique --- Congresses. --- Congrès --- Language and languages --- Language and society --- Society and language --- Sociology of language --- Language and culture --- Sociology --- Integrational linguistics (Oxford school) --- Social aspects --- Sociological aspects

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"The intricate balance of the intrinsic and extrinsic soft tissue structure and boney scaffold of the hand, coupled with 31 articulating services in the hand and wrist can lead to significant surgical challenges. Providing surgeons with technical pearls to overcome these challenges is the primary focus of Problems in Hand Surgery by internationally renowned hand surgeons Michael W. Neumeister, Michael Sauerbier, and an impressive group of contributors. Organized by 29 sections and 90 chapters, this comprehensive book focuses on secondary hand surgeries to optimize hand form and function in patients with challenging trauma- and disorder-related hand issues. Among the many topics addressed are problems associated with nonunion, malunion, dysvascular limbs, trauma-related degenerative changes, stiffness, tendon dysfunction, joint disruption, nerve injury, neuropathy, vasospasm, fractures, and osteoarthritis".

Hand --- Surgery. --- Wounds and injuries.