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History of Eastern Europe --- anno 1600-1699 --- anno 1700-1799 --- anno 1800-1999 --- Russian Federation --- Russia
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Steppes --- Steppe ecology --- Agriculture --- Ecologie des steppes --- History --- Histoire --- Russia --- Russie
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This book offers the first environmental history of Russia’s steppes. From the early-eighteenth, settlers moved to the semi-arid but fertile grasslands from wetter, forested regions in central and northern Russia and Ukraine, and central Europe. By the late-nineteenth century, the steppes were the bread basket of the Russian Empire and parts of Europe. But, there was another side to this story. The steppes were hit by droughts, winds that whipped up dust storms, soil erosion, crop failures, and in the worst years - famine. From the late-eighteenth century, naturalists and scientists studied the steppe environment. Russian scientists came up with innovations, in particular, Vasilii Dokuchaev’s new soil science explained the fertile black earth as a product of the steppe environment in which it had formed. Scientists also studied environmental change, including climate change, and debated whether human activity or natural forces were to blame. They proposed remedies to the environmental barriers to farming on the steppes. For a long time, they focused on planting trees and irrigation, in attempts to make the steppes more like the homelands of the settlers. More sustainable were techniques of cultivation to retain moisture in the soil. Among the pioneers were Mennonite settlers. Such approaches aimed to work with the environment, rather than try to change it. The story is similar to the Dust Bowl on the Great Plains of the USA, which share a similar environment and environmental history. The story is also placed in the wider context of the environmental history of European colonialism around the globe.
Agriculture --- Steppes --- Grasslands --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Environmental aspects --- History. --- Steppes ecology Russia (Federation) History. --- History
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Beginning in the 1870s, migrant groups from Russia's steppes settled in the similar environment of the Great Plains. Many were Mennonites. They brought plants, in particular grain and fodder crops, trees and shrubs, as well as weeds. Following their example, and drawing on the expertise of émigré Russian-Jewish scientists, the US Department of Agriculture introduced more plants, agricultural sciences, especially soil science; and methods of planting trees to shelter the land from the wind. By the 1930s, many of the grain varieties in the Great Plains had been imported from the steppes. The fertile soil was classified using the Russian term 'chernozem'. The US Forest Service was planting shelterbelts using techniques pioneered in the steppes. And, tumbling across the plains was an invasive weed from the steppes: tumbleweed. Based on archival research in the United States, Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan, this book explores the unexpected Russian roots of Great Plains agriculture.
Agriculture --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- History. --- Steppes --- Diffusion of innovations --- Russians --- Technology transfer --- Ethnology --- Slavs, Eastern --- Innovations, Diffusion of --- Acculturation --- Communication --- Culture diffusion --- Technological innovations --- Grasslands
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In 1861 Tsar Alexander II issued the statutes abolishing the insitution of serfdom in Russia. This book traces the origins of the abolition back to reforms in related areas in 1762 and forward to the culmination of the process in 1907
Serfdom --- Serfs --- Servage --- History --- Emancipation --- Histoire --- Affranchissement --- Russia --- Russie --- Social conditions --- Conditions sociales --- 19th century
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We live in an age of unprecedented environmental change: global, interconnected and universal. Yet though our lives are inextricably connected to global processes, and increasingly mobile, we still live in particular places. Our perceptions of change, and what kind of change might be for good or ill, are shaped by the interaction of localised experience and the wider forces of transformation. Local Places, Global Processes examines how these relationships have been shaped in Britain over time in three ways. First, through essays addressing influential ways of understanding and debating questions of ?the state of nature?. These are complemented by case studies on conservation, landscape change and management, and how perceptions of environmental change have emerged or been discarded over time. Chapters also draw on a series of site-based workshops that brought together historians, landscape managers and artists to discuss and reflect on particular sites: Wicken Fen in Cambridgeshire, owned by the National Trust and the first British nature reserve; the Quantock Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Somerset, England?s first AONB and a landscape enriched by Romantic association; and the landscape of Kielder Water and Forest, a land of superlatives in Northumberland in north-eastern England ? the largest planted forest and artificial lake in northern Europe. The multi-disciplinary approach draws together the exchanges, artworks and writing assembled at these workshops and afterwards. This opens up how being in a place, and engaging with ideas attached to it, shape perceptions of the environment. It provides resources with which landscape managers can think about their tasks and engage various publics in discussion about future environments in light of these histories of place. Rather than a history of these three places, this is history written from them.
Great Britain --- Grande-Bretagne --- Environmental conditions --- History. --- Conditions environnementales --- Histoire --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS --- Ecology. --- Real Estate --- General. --- Great Britain. --- Ecology --- Balance of nature --- Biology --- Bionomics --- Ecological processes --- Ecological science --- Ecological sciences --- Environment --- Environmental biology --- Oecology --- Environmental sciences --- Population biology --- Anglia --- Angliyah --- Briṭanyah --- England and Wales --- Förenade kungariket --- Grã-Bretanha --- Grossbritannien --- Igirisu --- Iso-Britannia --- Marea Britanie --- Nagy-Britannia --- Prydain Fawr --- Royaume-Uni --- Saharātchaʻānāčhak --- Storbritannien --- United Kingdom --- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland --- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland --- Velikobritanii͡ --- Wielka Brytania --- Yhdistynyt kuningaskunta --- Northern Ireland --- Scotland --- Wales
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COMMON LISP (Computer program language) --- Object-oriented programming (Computer science) --- Common Lisp (Langage de programmation) --- Programmation orientée objet (Informatique) --- 681.3*D20 --- 681.3*D32 --- Computer programming --- Object-oriented methods (Computer science) --- Document Object Model (Web site development technology) --- Functional programming languages --- Object-oriented programming languages --- Computerwetenschap--?*D20 --- language classifications: applicative languages; data-flow languages; design languages; extensible languages; macro and assembly languages; nonprocedural languages; specialized application and very high-level languages (Programminglanguages) --- COMMON LISP (Computer program language). --- Object-oriented programming (Computer science). --- 681.3*D32 language classifications: applicative languages; data-flow languages; design languages; extensible languages; macro and assembly languages; nonprocedural languages; specialized application and very high-level languages (Programminglanguages) --- Programmation orientée objet (Informatique)
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