Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Using a new dataset, we measure the large gap between the representation of men and women in leadership positions in banks and bank supervision agencies worldwide. Women occupied less than 2 percent of bank CEOs positions, and less than 20 percent of the board seats in more than 80 percent of the observations across banks over time. Contrary to common perceptions, many low- and middle-income countries have a higher share of women in bank boards and banking supervision agency boards compared to advanced economies. Econometric analysis suggests that, controlling for relevant bank and country-specific factors, the presence of women as well as a higher share of women on bank boards is associated with greater bank stability, as represented by higher z-scores and lower nonperforming loan ratios. We also examine the share of women on boards of banking supervision agencies by compiling a new dataset. We find that it is associated with greater bank stability. Further research is needed to identify specific mechanisms through which these stability benefits are achieved, and to understand the conditions that have facilitated entry of women into leadership roles in banks and supervision agencies.

Banks and Banking --- Industries: Financial Services --- Women''s Studies' --- Finance: General --- Corporate Finance and Governance: General --- Economics of Gender --- Non-labor Discrimination --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Gender studies --- women & girls --- Banking --- Financial services law & regulation --- Finance --- Women --- Bank supervision --- Nonperforming loans --- Commercial banks --- Gender --- Bank soundness --- Financial sector policy and analysis --- Financial regulation and supervision --- Financial institutions --- Banks and banking --- State supervision --- Loans --- United States

Choose an application

• Reference Manager
• EndNote
• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are increasingly an important vehicle for several Western Balkan countries to increase investment to reduce their infrastructure gaps. While there are benefits to well-designed and implemented PPPs, they also carry a potential for large fiscal risks and increased costs if not managed well. Countries with successful PPP programs typically benefit from a clear and well-designed PPP governance framework, which covers all stages of the PPP life cycle. Western Balkan countries need to address gaps in their PPP governance frameworks to fully reap the potential benefits from PPPs.

Albania --- Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Public Finance --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Public Administration --- Public Sector Accounting and Audits --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- Public finance & taxation --- Financial administration & public finance law --- Fiscal risks --- Public financial management (PFM) --- Public investment spending --- Expenditure --- PPP legislation --- Risks of public-private partnership --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- Public-private sector cooperation --- Fiscal policy --- Public investments