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This thesis presents theoretical and numerical studies on phenomenological description of the quark–gluon plasma (QGP), a many-body system of elementary particles.   The author formulates a causal theory of hydrodynamics for systems with net charges from the law of increasing entropy and a momentum expansion method. The derived equation results can be applied not only to collider physics, but also to the early universe and ultra-cold atoms.   The author also develops novel off-equilibrium hydrodynamic models for the longitudinal expansion of the QGP on the basis of these equations. Numerical estimations show that convection and entropy production during the hydrodynamic evolution are key to explaining excessive charged particle production, recently observed at the Large Hadron Collider. Furthermore, the analyses at finite baryon density indicate that the energy available for QGP production is larger than the amount conventionally assumed.

Collisions (Nuclear physics). --- Heavy ions. --- Nuclear physics. --- Quark-gluon plasma. --- Physics --- Research. --- Physical research --- Physics research --- Gluon-quark plasma --- Matter, Quark --- Plasma, Quark --- Quark matter --- Quark plasma --- Physics. --- Thermodynamics. --- Astrophysics. --- Cosmology. --- Elementary particles (Physics). --- Quantum field theory. --- Particle and Nuclear Physics. --- Astrophysics and Astroparticles. --- Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics. --- Elementary Particles, Quantum Field Theory. --- Nuclear matter --- Quantum theory. --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Dynamics --- Mechanics --- Heat --- Heat-engines --- Quantum theory --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Thermodynamics --- Mathematical physics. --- Relativistic quantum field theory --- Field theory (Physics) --- Relativity (Physics) --- Elementary particles (Physics) --- High energy physics --- Nuclear particles --- Nucleons --- Nuclear physics --- Astronomy --- Deism --- Metaphysics --- Physical mathematics --- Astronomical physics --- Cosmic physics --- Atomic nuclei --- Atoms, Nuclei of --- Nucleus of the atom --- Mathematics