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What factors govern women's and men's use of syntactic alternatives? This is the central issue explored in the present volume, which provides the most comprehensive account so far of gender differences in syntax. By drawing on the theoretical frameworks of functional grammar (cf. Givón 1984, 1990), cognitive semantics and pragmatics, the book is able to show that the underlying characteristic of syntactic constructions that are sensitive to gender lies in their ability to encode epistemic meaning. Paying due attention to the closely intertwined relation between gender and a range of internal and external determinants, the present volume shows how apparently contradictory results in previous research can be reconciled. The internal and external factors investigated are: semantic type, position, intonation, pragmatic function - style, power, surreptitiousness, group composition. The Labovian 'Vanguard of Change' and 'Linguistic Conformity of Women' Principles (Labov 2001) are supplemented by an 'Epistemic Modality Principle' (stating that women are more prolific users of epistemic downtoners than men) and a 'Turn-Allocation Principle' (assessing that women use more completion signals than men in the negotiation of floor-apportionment). These principles are crucial in paving the ground for an explanation of gender differences in language. This volume is essential reading for those interested in language and gender and in how functionalism can be brought to bear in illuminating language structure and use.
English language --- Sex differences --- Gender. --- Syntax. --- Germanic languages --- ANGLAIS (LANGUE) --- SYNTAXE --- USAGE
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This book provides the most comprehensive account so far of novel and hitherto unexplained factors operative in the choice between synthetic (prouder) and analytic (more proud ) comparatives. It argues that the underlying motivation in using the analytic variant is to mitigate processing demands - a compensatory strategy referred to as more -support. The analytic variant is claimed to be better suited to environments of increased processing complexity - presumably owing to its ability to facilitate early phrase structure recognition, the more transparent one-to-one relation between form and function and possibly because the degree marker more can serve as a structural signal foreshadowing cognitive complexity. A bird's eye view of 24 determinants reveals that the processing effort which triggers the analytic comparative emanates from structures that are phonologically, morphologically, syntactically, lexically, semantically or pragmatically complex. By bridging the gap between corpus-based variation research and psycholinguistic and typological approaches, the book breaks new ground in uncovering the functional motivation behind the continued variability of synthetic-analytic contrasts.
English language --- Comparison (Grammar) --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Comparison. --- Adjective. --- Comparison --- Nominals --- Adjective --- Grammar --- Comparison (Grammar). --- Germanic languages
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What factors influence the choice between alternative grammatical structures such as the following: a lit / a lighted cigarette, more full / fuller of convincing arguments, the main thesis of the book / the book's main thesis, take hostage a group of 15 holiday makers / take a group of 15 holidaymakers hostage, conceding that the argument is convincing / conceding the argument to be convincing? This is the central issue explored in this volume, which contains a unique selection of innovative in-depth empirical studies written in a broadly functional framework. The factors investigated include the following: phonological influences (such as the principle of rhythmic alternation and optimal syllable structure), frequency, pervasive semantic and pragmatic aspects (including iconicity, markedness, grammaticalization and typological tendencies), information structure, processing complexity and horror aequi (the avoidance of identity effects).
English language --- Grammar --- Variation --- Grammar. --- Variation. --- 802.0-56 --- 802.0-56 Engels: syntaxis; semantiek --- Engels: syntaxis; semantiek --- Dialects --- Analysis and parsing --- Diagraming --- Composition and exercises --- Germanic languages --- English language - Grammar --- English language - Variation
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Das linguistische Interesse an Präpositionen ist innerhalb der letzten 20 Jahre beträchtlich gestiegen. Die in diesem Band zusammengefaßten Beiträge spiegeln die vielfachen Perspektiven wider, unter denen Präpositionen gegenwärtig betrachtet werden. Einige Aufsätze befassen sich vorwiegend mit syntaktischen (und morphologischen) Aspekten von Präpositionen, andere konzentrieren sich auf kognitive Aspekte; in allen Beiträgen steht jedoch die Semantik der Präpositionen im Vordergrund. Der Band basiert auf Vorträgen eines Workshops an der Universität Hamburg vom 26.-27. Juni 1998. In the past two decades, the study of prepositions has grown steadily. The papers collected in this volume bring together the multifaceted perspectives on prepositions that have been developed in contemporary linguistics. Some papers mainly discuss syntactic (and morphological) aspects of prepositions; other papers predominantly focus on cognitive aspects. All the papers are, however, concerned with the semantics of prepositions. This volume evolved from a workshop on prepositions held at Hamburg University on June 26 and 27, 1998.
Grammar, Comparative and general --- Prepositions --- Prepositions. --- Auxiliaries --- Prepositional phrases --- Academic collection --- Lexicology. Semantics --- Grammar --- Grammar [Comparative and general ] --- Congresses --- Linguistics --- Philology --- Grammar, Comparative and general - Prepositions. --- ALLEMAND (LANGUE) --- ANGLAIS (LANGUE) --- FRANCAIS (LANGUE) --- NEERLANDAIS (LANGUE) --- PREPOSITIONS
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Most scholars define reduplication as a formally restricted grammatical process, neatly distinguishing it from 'mere' repetition as a discoursal option. However, there is a fuzzy grey area between the two processes that has rarely been explored so far. In this timely collection, the phenomenon of exact repetition, understood broadly as the systematic iteration of one and the same linguistic item within relatively close syntactic proximity, is investigated from a number of angles. The volume contains studies from phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, and deals with a broad range of languages, including alleged 'reduplication avoiders'. In bringing together different theoretical perspectives, phenomenological domains, and methodologies, and in linking the fields of syntax and discourse to those of morphology and morphophonology, the volume provides new insights into the structure and meaning of exact repetition phenomena, and, more generally, into their status within a theory of language. The collection will appeal to formally and functionally oriented scholars from all subfields of linguistics, including typology.
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What factors influence the choice between alternative grammatical structures such as the following: a lit / a lighted cigarette, more full / fuller of convincing arguments, the main thesis of the book / the book's main thesis, take hostage a group of 15 holiday makers / take a group of 15 holidaymakers hostage, conceding that the argument is convincing / conceding the argument to be convincing? This is the central issue explored in this volume, which contains a unique selection of innovative in-depth empirical studies written in a broadly functional framework. The factors investigated include the following: phonological influences (such as the principle of rhythmic alternation and optimal syllable structure), frequency, pervasive semantic and pragmatic aspects (including iconicity, markedness, grammaticalization and typological tendencies), information structure, processing complexity and horror aequi (the avoidance of identity effects).
English language --- Grammar --- Grammar. --- Variation. --- Variation
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While variation within individual languages has traditionally been focused upon in sociolinguistics, its relevance for grammatical theory has only recently been acknowledged. On the methodological side, there is an ongoing competition between large-scale statistical analyses and investigations that rely more heavily on introspection and elicited grammaticality judgements. The aim of this volume is to bridge the 'cultural gap' between empirical-variationist and formal-theoretical approaches in linguistics. The volume offers case studies that seek to combine corpus-based and competence-based approaches to the description of variation. In doing so, it opens up new avenues for locating and analyzing variability, both at the level of the individual speaker and between speakers of different dialects and generations. The contributions document the plurality of current research into models of grammatical competence that live up to the challenge of variationist data. More specifically, parameter-based (e.g. Minimalist), constraint-based (e.g. Optimality Theoretic), and usage-based (e.g. Construction Grammar) approaches to variation are discussed. The volume therefore is of interest to a broad public within linguistics, including syntacticians of different theoretical persuasion, morphologists and sociolinguists. While a majority of contributions addresses facets of variation in English and German, the volume also includes variationist studies written by specialists of French, Dutch, Icelandic, and Uralic.
Language and languages --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Sociolinguistics --- Variation --- Grammar, Comparative and general. --- Sociolinguistics. --- Variation. --- Grammar --- Dialectology --- Variation (Linguistique) --- Grammaire comparée et générale --- Sociolinguistique --- Characterology of speech --- Language diversity --- Language subsystems --- Language variation --- Linguistic diversity --- Variation in language --- Language and society --- Society and language --- Sociology of language --- Language and culture --- Linguistics --- Sociology --- Integrational linguistics (Oxford school) --- Comparative grammar --- Grammar, Philosophical --- Grammar, Universal --- Philosophical grammar --- Philology --- Social aspects --- Sociological aspects --- Grammar, Comparative --- Language and languages - Variation --- Morphology. --- linguistic theories. --- sociolinguistics. --- syntax. --- variation (language).
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