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arbitrage --- arbitration --- Organisation mondiale du commerce --- World Trade Organisation --- Investments, Foreign (International law) --- International commercial arbitration --- Foreign trade regulation --- Arbitration (International law) --- Law, Politics & Government --- Law, General & Comparative --- помирение --- arbitraggio --- arbitraje --- rozhodčí řízení --- választottbíráskodás --- arbitraj --- arbitrazh (proces gjyqësor) --- Streitschlichtung --- arbitragem --- skiljeförfarande --- zmierčie konanie --- vahekohtumenetlus --- arbitraža --- izskatīšana šķīrējtiesā --- arbitražas --- arbitraġġ --- διαιτησία --- arbitraż --- voldgift --- välimiesmenettely --- арбитража --- решавање спорови со арбитража --- scheidsrechterlijke procedure --- arbitráž --- επιδιαιτησία --- решавање спорови по пат на арбитража --- geschillencommissie --- smírčí řízení --- arbitražni postupak --- dohoda v rozhodčím řízení --- választottbírósági eljárás --- Παγκόσμιος Οργανισμός Εμπορίου --- Wereldhandelsorganisatie --- Welthandelsorganisation --- Organizația Mondială a Comerțului --- Maailma Kaubandusorganisatsioon --- Organizata Botërore e Tregëtisë --- Organizzazione mondiale del commercio --- Światowa Organizacja Handlu --- Светска трговинска организација --- Organización Mundial del Comercio --- Kereskedelmi Világszervezet --- Pasaulio prekybos organizacija --- Verdenshandelsorganisationen --- Světová obchodní organizace --- Svjetska trgovinska organizacija --- Eagraíocht Dhomhanda Trádála --- Световна търговска организация --- Organização Mundial do Comércio --- Pasaules Tirdzniecības organizācija --- l-OrganizzazzjoniDinjija tal-Kummerċ --- Светска трговска организација --- Världshandelsorganisationen --- Maailman kauppajärjestö --- Svetová obchodná organizácia --- Svetovna trgovinska organizacija --- EDT --- STO --- OBT --- PTO (starptautiskā tirdzniecība) --- СТО --- WTO (l-Organizzazzjoni Dinjija tal-Kummerċ) --- Wereld-handelsorganisatie --- OMC --- Světová organizace obchodu --- World Trade Organization --- WTO --- PPO --- ΠΟΕ --- Arbitration, International --- International arbitration --- International political arbitration --- Pacific settlement of international disputes --- International commissions of inquiry --- Jurisdiction (International law) --- Mediation, International --- Export and import controls --- Foreign trade control --- Import and export controls --- International trade --- International trade control --- International trade regulation --- Prohibited exports and imports --- Trade regulation --- Arbitration and award, International --- Commercial arbitration, International --- International arbitration and award --- Arbitration and award --- Conflict of laws --- International investment law --- Investment law, International --- International law --- Law and legislation --- Biśva Bāṇijya Saṃsthā --- Dėlkhiĭn Khudaldaany Baĭguullaga --- DTÖ --- Dünya Ticaret Örgütü --- Munaẓẓamat al-Tijārah al-ʻĀlamīyah --- O.M.C. --- ʻOngkān Kānkhā Lōk --- Organização Mundial do Comércio --- Organización Mundial de Comercio --- Organización Mundial del Comercio --- Organizația Mondială de Comerț --- Organizzazione mondiale per il commercio --- Qaṅgkār Bāṇijjakamm Bibhab Lok --- Sāzmān-i Tijārat-i Jahānī --- Shi jie mao yi zu zhi --- SOT --- Světová obchodní organizace --- Svitova orhanizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ torhivli --- Światowa Organizacja Handlu --- Tổ chức thương mại thế giới --- Viśva Vyapāra Saṅgaṭhana --- Vsemirnai︠a︡ torgovai︠a︡ organizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- VTO --- W.T.O. --- منظمة التجارة العالمية --- 世界貿易組織 --- 世界贸易组织 --- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization)

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While precise impact of Brexit on the EU/UK trade and investment agreements with third countries will depend primarily on the terms of the withdrawal agreement to be concluded between them, most scenarios suggest an extensive process of amendment of the text and/or commitments in multilateral and bilateral agreements. At the multilateral level, the UK will remain a WTO Member, but will no longer be represented by the EU. The separation of the UK obligations from the current EU lists of concessions and schedules of commitments will require amendments that, particularly regarding subsidies and quotas, may lead to a broader renegotiation process requiring consensus of all interested WTO members. At the bilateral level, the status of current EU PTAs with regard to the UK and its trading partners remains uncertain: Some elements suggest that these PTAs may no longer be valid for the UK, or that, even if legally valid, they will no longer cover the relationship between the UK and the third country. Further, EU agreements focusing on goods only will no longer apply to the UK. For these agreements to continue to apply, the UK and the third country will need to amend some aspects of the text of the agreement as well as of the lists of commitments. Investment treaties concluded by the UK with third countries will remain valid, and no amendment is in principle necessary. Parties could require amendments to the text of the treaty, due to a fundamental change in circumstances. LDCs and developing countries who benefit from the EU GSP will continue under this regime for the remaining EU member, but that GSP framework will no longer be applicable to the UK. The UK may introduce a new GSP regime of its own. In all cases, third countries who consider that Brexit has diminished the value of their negotiated commitments have the opportunity to request compensation in sectoral commitments or changes in the text of the agreements, or ultimately terminate the agreement The process of amending the trade and investment agreements requires comprehensive knowledge of their trade and investment flows with the EU and the UK.

Bilateral Investment Treaties --- Brexit --- Economic Integration --- GSP --- International Trade Law --- Trade Agreements --- Trade Policy --- World Trade Organization --- WTO

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Beyond their key contribution to value chains in all sectors, services represent a centrally important source of economic and export diversification. This paper discusses how to promote trade in services as a channel for growth, employment, and diversification by assessing services trade costs and identifying policies that contribute to their reduction: a concept termed trade facilitation in services. It summarizes the latest research on the costs facing trade in services beyond discriminatory market access and national treatment and finds that these are high. It proposes measures that could fall under the scope of a potential trade facilitation in services agenda, namely: (i) streamlining processes and procedures used in administering regulatory policies aside from the policy itself, (ii) improving access to information on regulatory policies (that is, transparency), and (iii) boosting the efficiency of governance structures for regulators that set policies affecting trade in services.

Agreements --- Governance --- International Trade and Trade Rules --- Regulation --- Services --- Services Trade --- Trade --- Trade and Services --- Trade Costs --- Trade Facilitation --- Trade in Services --- Trade Policy --- Transparency

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In the fight against COVID-19, economic activities that require close physical contact have been severely restricted. Governments around the world have put in place containment measures to slow down the rate of infection, including lockdowns, border closures, and restrictions on economic activities. Even where strict restrictions are not in place, consumers and businesses are opting for "social-distancing" to avoid physical proximity and potential contagion. Activities deemed as essential, such as grocery shopping and visits to health facilities, have not yet seized up in most countries but are key remaining hotspots for potential new infections. In this context, e-commerce defined broadly as the sale of goods or services online - is emerging as a major pillar in the fight against COVID-19.

Coronavirus --- Covid-19 --- E-Commerce --- E-Finance and E-Security --- Enterprise Development and Reform --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Legal Framework --- Private Sector Development --- Private Sector Economics --- Public Sector Development --- Trade Policy