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This book brings together leading international experts to discuss recent advances in functional studies on key proteins and protein complexes involved in each synaptic vesicle phase. These include proteins that control the final step of neurotransmitter release, in response to a neural signal, and the first step of vesicle endocytosis, which helps maintain stable neurotransmitter release in response to unceasing neural signals arriving at presynaptic terminals. Neural networks transmit input and output signals of action potentials using chemical synapses. The strength of the signal from one to another neuron can be tuned by the neural signal itself as it induces Ca2+ entry and by other neurons’ signals that modify Ca2+ entry through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels at the active zone, where chemical neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles via exocytosis. Synaptic vesicles are docked and primed at the active zone prior to exocytosis and are endocytosed after exocytosis for reuse at a small presynaptic terminal. Recycled vesicles are refilled with transmitters and stored for a future round of exocytosis. Thus, synaptic vesicles in presynaptic terminals go through various phases. Each vesicle phase is well orchestrated by numerous proteins and advance step-by-step with neural activities. The fine regulations of synaptic vesicle phases by numerous proteins is an exciting subject, and systematic, well-organized explanations in this book will help the reader easily learn about complicated molecular mechanisms in presynaptic terminals.

Biomedicine. --- Neurochemistry. --- Human Physiology. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Neurosciences. --- Medicine. --- Human physiology. --- Biochemistry. --- Médecine --- Physiologie humaine --- Neurosciences --- Neurochimie --- Biochimie --- Medicine --- Human physiology --- Neurochemistry --- Biochemistry --- Signal Transduction --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Metabolic Phenomena --- Nervous System --- Cell Physiological Phenomena --- Axons --- Ion Channels --- Membrane Transport Proteins --- Anatomy --- Nerve Fibers --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Biochemical Processes --- Phenomena and Processes --- Biochemical Phenomena --- Carrier Proteins --- Neurons --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Proteins --- Chemical Phenomena --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Metabolism --- Calcium Channels --- Physiology --- Synaptic Transmission --- Cell Physiological Processes --- Synaptic Vesicles --- Presynaptic Terminals --- Synapses --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Neuroscience --- Synapses. --- Neurotransmitters. --- Neural transmission. --- Chemical nerve transmitters --- Nerve transmitter substances --- Neural transmitters --- Neurohumors --- Neuroregulators --- Synaptic transmitters --- Transmitters, Chemical nerve --- Transmitters, Synaptic --- Nerve transmission --- Nervous transmission --- Neurotransmission --- Synaptic transmission --- Transmission of nerve impulses --- Neural circuitry --- Neurophysiology --- Neurotransmitters --- Neural transmission --- Nerve endings --- Nerves --- Synaptosomes --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Human biology --- Human body --- Composition

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This book brings together leading international experts to discuss recent advances in the regulation of presynaptic voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs), key signal transducers that represent one of the most widely modulated proteins in the body. It is now commonly accepted that presence of the VGCC complex defines an excitable cell. At a basic level, VGCCs transduce membrane potential change to chemical neurotransmitter release at presynaptic terminals. However, on-going scientific research, presented here, in areas including neuroscience, electrophysiology, pharmacology, biochemistry and, increasingly, proteomics, has revealed the widespread nature of modulation of the presynaptic VGCC complex. This book reviews and discusses the following topics: The fundamental role of the VGCC pore-forming CaVa subunit, and some of their binding partners, in presynaptic function and synaptic plasticity. Modulation of presynaptic CaVa subunits by auxiliary CaVb and a2d subunits and by their major interaction partners, such as active zone scaffolding proteins, synaptic proteins, G proteins and small GTPases, which, together, contribute to the VGCC proteome. Work at the cutting edge of research, including how direct electrophysiology recordings from presynaptic terminals and introduction of synthetic CaVa peptides into presynaptic terminals has expanded our knowledge of VGCC function. Evidence emerging over the last decade demonstrating that VGCC subunits represent bona fide molecular targets for therapeutic drug discovery. This development is illustrated by the introduction of the CaV2.2 blocker ziconotide, which represents an important proof-of-concept, but is best exemplified by the emergence of gabapentinoids, which bind the VGCC auxiliary a2d subunit, as first-line treatments for chronic neuropathic pain. Throughout, chapters are accompanied with illustrative Tables and Figure providing a useful and comprehensive summary of the current state-of-play in this area of significant therapeutic interest. Work described here also provides a solid basis for future research in this important area.

Calcium -- Physiological effect. --- Calcium channels. --- Calcium. --- Presynaptic receptors. --- Ion Channels --- Electrophysiological Processes --- Nervous System Physiological Processes --- Intercellular Junctions --- Axons --- Signal Transduction --- Nervous System --- Physiological Processes --- Membrane Glycoproteins --- Biochemical Processes --- Membrane Transport Proteins --- Nervous System Physiological Phenomena --- Cell Physiological Processes --- Electrophysiological Phenomena --- Neurons --- Nerve Fibers --- Cell Membrane Structures --- Anatomy --- Cell Membrane --- Biochemical Phenomena --- Membrane Proteins --- Physiological Phenomena --- Carrier Proteins --- Cells --- Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena --- Chemical Processes --- Cell Physiological Phenomena --- Proteins --- Chemical Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Cellular Structures --- Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Neuronal Plasticity --- Synaptic Transmission --- Synapses --- Presynaptic Terminals --- Calcium Channels --- Calcium in the body. --- Channels, Calcium --- Medicine. --- Cell physiology. --- Cell membranes. --- Neurobiology. --- Biomedicine. --- Biomedicine general. --- Membrane Biology. --- Cell Physiology. --- Body composition --- Calcification --- Ion channels --- Cell function --- Cytology --- Physiology --- Cell surfaces --- Cytoplasmic membranes --- Plasma membranes --- Plasmalemma --- Membranes (Biology) --- Glycocalyces --- Neurosciences --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Biomedicine, general. --- Health Workforce --- Cell membranes .