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On the one hand, as established by the seminal Internationale Handelsgesellschaft ruling of the ECJ, European Union law enjoys primacy over the law of the Member States, including their constitutional law. At first sight, EU law therefore seems indifferent towards national constitutions, which are considered to be merely expressions of the "narcissism of small differences" going against the very idea of European unification. On the other hand, although Member States have gradually accepted the primacy of EU law over their own legislation, they remain inflexible regarding the ultimate supremacy of their constitutions. National constitutional courts appear to be even coalescing in order to impose their own fundamental texts. This so-called constitutional conflict seems bound to remain unsettled. However, taking such a black-and-white approach means remaining blind for the existing interwinement between the national constitutions and the substantive constitution of the EU. In particular, the notion of constitutional identity of the Member States could be the long-awaited bridge between the EU and the national legal orders: being both a concept of Union law and of domestic law, it is not only a norm of resistance but also a norm of convergence that may provide a valuable answer to the aforementioned conflict.

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