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This book compiles the Special Issue of Applied Sciences, entitled “Application of Biology to Cultural Heritage”, and aims to cover all the latest outstanding progress on the biological and biochemical methods developed and applied to cultural heritage.Eleven excellent papers (including both reviews and full research articles) form part of this book and each paper went through a hard and demanding review in order to ensure maximum quality. We do thank all the reviewers for their efforts which are so crucial for the improvement of the now-published papers. In the field of cultural heritage, biodiversity and biodeterioration have received a great deal of research attention in recent years. This book intends to provide a comprehensive examination of the science of biology in various fields and areas, as well as its practical application for the preservation of cultural heritage. Full research articles and reviews on all aspects of biological causes, modes of action, biocidal treatments, and the protection of cultural heritage are here presented, as well as long-term studies on the biodeterioration of cultural heritage sites and monuments.Analyses and tests of macro- and micro-organisms affecting the preservation of cultural heritage are also addressed.The knowledge that has arisen from the papers published on the studies on new techniques and new products applied to the field of cultural heritage may now be translated into new conservation and restoration treatments in similar objects, sites and supports. This was the main goal and it was achieved in a mission that we carried out with great pleasure and dedication.

cultural heritage --- biodeterioration --- biodiversity of microorganisms --- stone surfaces --- historical sandstone --- next-generation sequencing --- metal --- conservation --- cleaning --- hydrogels --- organogels --- bio-solvents --- biofilm --- microbial community --- algae --- cyanobacteria --- fungi --- bacteria --- next generation sequencing --- granite --- Trentepohlia --- deteriorative action --- enzymatic activity --- Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck --- cinnamaldehyde --- antimicrobial activity --- biodegradation --- built cultural heritage --- cityscape --- laboratory and field analysis --- maintenance plan --- mortar --- Parietaria judaica --- schist --- urban area --- weed control --- biocleaning --- bioconsolidation --- biocalcification --- biopolymers --- carbonatogenic bacteria --- MICP --- microorganisms --- stone restoration --- marble decay --- dark discoloration --- stone microbiota --- black fungi --- cultural heritage conservation --- multifunctional coating --- stone biodeterioration --- biofilms --- biocide --- zosteric sodium salt --- 2-mercaptobenzothiazole --- silica nanosystems --- phellem --- birch bark --- decay --- light microscopy --- transmission electron microscopy --- archaeology --- ice patch --- waterlogged --- stained glass --- glazed tiles --- biodiversity --- laboratory experiments --- n/a

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The earth's subsurface contains abundant and active microbial biomass, living in water, occupying pore space, and colonizing mineral and rock surfaces. Caves are one type of subsurface habitat, being natural, solutionally- or collapse-enlarged openings in rock. Within the past 30 years, there has been an increase in the number of microbiology studies from cave environments to understand cave ecology, cave geology, and even the origins of life. By emphasizing the microbial life of caves, and the ecological processes and geological consequences attributed to microbes, this book provides the first authoritative and comprehensive account of the microbial life of caves for students, professionals, and general readers.

Biospeleology. --- Cave ecology. --- Microbiology. --- Cave animals. --- Cave plants. --- Underground ecology. --- Microbial biology --- Biology --- Microorganisms --- Caves --- Underground ecology --- Cave biology --- Cave life --- Speleology --- Underground area ecology --- Ecology --- Cave flora --- Biospeleology --- Plants --- Cave fauna --- Animals