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La sociocratie, mode de management participatif est-elle au service de l'homme ou du capital ? Quelles comparaisons sont possibles avec l'autogestion et la cogestion? Est-ce réellement un concept innovant ou, sous d'autres vocables, un fonctionnement déjà bien connu?

sociocratie- autogestion- cogestion --- -management participatif --- Sciences sociales & comportementales, psychologie > Sociologie & sciences sociales

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The purpose of this work is to understand the reason why, nowadays, crowdfunding is used as a resource by cooperatives. In order to do so, we analyzed the motivations faced by cooperatives when they are using this financing tool.
Nowadays and around the world, cooperatives are more and more recognized and present. To achieve their mission, those companies need to find financial revenues. They need to hybridize their financial incomes because on one side some of them want to stay independent from the bank, and on the other side, some of them cannot obtain a loan… Consequently, the cooperatives need to use the financing mix to obtain their capital. With this work, we noticed that a new form of finance appears: the crowdfunding. 
We noticed that crowdfunding is increasingly present in our society and so it deserves a deeper analysis. Indeed, many platforms are emerging on the Web, such as Kisskissbankbank, Miimosa, Crowd'in, Ulule, Kickstarter ... 
The project of conducting a study on the motivations of the cooperative to use crowdfunding as a funding tool emerged from two concepts which merged together and are growing up in our society: cooperatives and crowdfunding.
To get the answers to the problematic – "Crowdfunding as a financing tool: analysis of the motivations of the cooperatives" – we went through several stages. At first, we read various articles about cooperatives and crowdfunding. By analyzing these, we have targeted the different motivations identified by the different authors. Then we conducted interviews with four cooperatives which have chosen crowdfunding as funding tool and two organizations specialized in this type of funding. These interviews were carried out to relate to challenge what is said in the literature and what happens on the ground.
This thesis allowed us to construct different tables. In those tables, we highlighted four mains motivations – the community, the marketing motivation, the financial motivation and finally a new approach of the market – moreover in a creation process there are three phases – pre-launch, launch and maturity – and those motivations appear in each phase.

Cooperative --- Crowdfunding --- Financing mix --- Finance --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Economie sociale

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Social enterprises (SE) are organizations that have two goals: to earn revenue and to achieve social, environmental or cultural outcomes. It is about reconciliation of two different worlds: the economic and the social. On the surface, social enterprises might operate just as traditional businesses. But looking more deeply, one realizes the characteristics of their business model : the social mission is at the centre of their business. Moreover, social enterprises, at the same level of traditional businesses, need to raise finance. To do so, they can call on commercial banks. 
It is in this context, one wonders the relationship that ties social enterprises to commercial banks. These latter seem to get more and more interested in SE as they are an increasing sector in Belgium. This paper has the intention to answer the following question : « What can a commercial bank offers in its relationship with social enterprises ? » In order to be more precise, it is the case of the Belgian bank « BNP Paribas Fortis » that is going to be studied. 
To do so, one aims first to define correctly what are social enterprises and how they raise finance. Then, different banking products/services will be analyzed : credit, asset management, venture philanthropy and crowdfunding. After, through a survey, the opinion of social enterprises will be analyzed. Several semi-directive interviews with managers of the bank will allow to discover their point of view concerning their strategy in terms of social enterprises. Finally, a discussion will be devoted to link the results obtained with the theoretical elements given in the first part in order to clarify the various products and services that the bank can offer to social enterprises, and thus to answer our problematic.

Bank --- social enterprise --- ethics --- csr --- social entrepreneurs --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Economie sociale

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Sheltered workshops are enterprises which have as first goal the employment of disabled people who are excluded from the traditional labour market. In order to ensure their first social mission, sheltered workshops need to have a lasting and minimum remunerative business. Thus, these enterprises must determine with precision their activities’ positioning.
Therefore, in this dissertation five business sectors are going to be analysed: packaging, electrical, soldering and mechanics, environment and wood’s sector. The model used is elaborated from the Porter’s five forces model: threat of entry, intensity of rivalry among existing competitors, pressure from substitute products, bargaining power of buyers and bargaining power of suppliers. Then, for each force, we will determine if it is suffered or wanted and depending on the case we will see what are the solutions or strategies put in place by the company. Moreover, we are also going to look into the social finality’s impact in each force.
This lead us to find different possible positioning strategies for sheltered workshops: price positioning, social positioning, positioning on flexibility and small production, positioning on high added value, positioning on public tender offer, alliances with classical enterprises (corporate social responsibility), alliances with other social enterprises and alliances with other sheltered workshops.
Naturally, these different types of positioning can be combined together in order to implement a far more efficient strategic mix. At the end, they will choose according to their type of activities, their wishes and their sensitivity.

Sheltered Workshop --- Social Purpose --- Disabled Person --- Strategic Positioning --- Porter’s Five Forces --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Marketing --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Stratégie & innovation --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Economie sociale

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In 2001, the federal government introduced the “service vouchers” scheme in order to meet household demand for proximity services. This system appeared at first as a mode of public regulation to fight against undeclared work in the sector of the domestic work and to create stable jobs for under-qualified people. The service voucher sector has become, over time, a real sector of activity that now plays a significant role in the personal services sector.

As soon as this scheme was put in place, a large number of people created their service vouchers companies. The system was particularly advantageous for both the person who initiated his activity and the user. Over time, the system has become less and less advantageous, regulations have become more stringent on the part of service-voucher companies and the price borne by the user has increased several times. Since then, we have seen companies go bankrupt, small structures that disappear in favor of the biggest, a heap of polemics concerning fraud in the sector. In view of the situation, what are the future prospects offered to the companies of the service-voucher sector?

The purpose of this thesis will be to understand to what extent the changes in the tax legislation regulating the system have had an impact on the financial viability of service vouchers companies in the Walloon Region.

In order to answer this question, we first identified the factors that could influence the profitability of these companies. Then, we tried to determine the cost price of a service voucher by evaluating its real hourly cost. It appears that commercial enterprises and temporary work agencies are among those that have the best control of their costs, followed by nonprofit organizations and, finally, integration enterprises that bear a cost higher than the exchange value of the service voucher. We also conducted a financial analysis to determine whether the evolution of the factors identified before could have had an impact on the profitability of the companies. In addition, a series of interviews was carried out in order to obtain the opinions of service vouchers companies’ managers about the scheme, its evolution and the prospects for the future they envisage.

service vouchers --- financial viability --- titres-services --- rentabilité --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Comptabilité & audit