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The continued loss of global diversity brings into question the approaches used to conserve it. This volume brings together stimulating research and ?ndings from Germany and Guatemala asking fundamental questions. For example, one paper questions the economic rationality of current biodiversity conservation methods, while another one attempts to answer this by pointing out that companies are - creasingly investing in conservation because they expect this to become a social norm-and thereforerespectingand followingasocial normisa rational strategy. It is more evident now than ever that biodiversity conservation is successful only in societies where basic socio-economic needs have been met. This means that poor societies will conserve the ?ora and fauna around them if given the - portunity to be effective practitioners by including their indigenous knowledge, having effective access and bene?t sharing regimes, making national parks more equitable, and tackling poverty and particularly land hunger which is devastating in itseffects through deforestation. Economicinstrumentsareincreasinglyrecognisedashavinganimportant role to play in the protection of biological diversity. Well-de?ned property and use rights can promote the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Tradable catchandexport permitscanencouragetheprotection ofendangeredspecies,and incentives such as charges and taxes can help to maintain critical habitats, incl- ingwetlands.Theuseofeconomicinstrumentshasexpandedsigni?cantlyoverthe lastfewdecades.Thisre?ectsagrowingunderstandingthateconomicinstruments canincreasetheef?ciencyandeffectivenessofenvironmentalmanagement,gen- ate ?nancial resourcesand incentivesfor investment,and expand the involvement of private agents in environmental protection.