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In the wake of recent federal legislation entitled No Child Left Behind, high-stakes standardized testing for accountability purposes is being emphasized in educational systems across the U.S. for all students – including English Language Learners (ELLs). Yet language proficiency mediates test performance, so ELLs typically receive scores far below those of other students. This book explores how tests have become de facto language policy in schools, shaping what is taught in school, how it is taught, and in what language(s) it is taught. In New York City, while most schools responded to testing by increasing the amount of English instruction offered to ELLs, a few schools have preserved native language instruction instead. Moreover, this research documents how tests are a defining force in the daily lives of ELLs and the educators who serve them.

Achievement tests --- English language --- Language policy --- EFL (Language study) --- English as a foreign language --- English as a second language --- English to speakers of other languages --- ESL (Language study) --- ESOL (Language study) --- Teaching English as a second language --- TEFL (Language study) --- TESL (Language study) --- Study and teaching --- Foreign speakers. --- Foreign students --- Communication policy --- Language planning --- Germanic languages --- ELT. --- English language teaching. --- assessment. --- language policy. --- testing.

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This volume explores the concept of 'citizenship', and argues that it should be understood both as a process of becoming and the ability to participate fully, rather than as a status that can be inherited, acquired, or achieved. From a courtroom in Bulawayo to a nursery in Birmingham, the authors use local contexts to foreground how the vulnerable, particularly those from minority language backgrounds, continue to be excluded, whilst offering a powerful demonstration of the potential for change offered by individual agency, resistance and struggle. In addressing questions such as 'under what local conditions does "dis-citizenship" happen?'; 'what role do language policies and pedagogic practices play?' and 'what kinds of margins and borders keep humans from fully participating'? The chapters in this volume shift the debate away from visas and passports to more uncertain and contested spaces of interpretation.

Language and languages --- Language policy. --- Citizenship. --- Nationalism. --- Linguistic minorities --- Minority languages --- Minorities --- Sociolinguistics --- Consciousness, National --- Identity, National --- National consciousness --- National identity --- International relations --- Patriotism --- Political science --- Autonomy and independence movements --- Internationalism --- Political messianism --- Birthright citizenship --- Citizenship --- Citizenship (International law) --- National citizenship --- Nationality (Citizenship) --- Public law --- Allegiance --- Civics --- Domicile --- Political rights --- Glottopolitics --- Institutional linguistics --- Language and state --- Languages, National --- Languages, Official --- National languages --- Official languages --- State and language --- Communication policy --- Language planning --- Political aspects. --- Government policy. --- Civil rights. --- Education. --- Political aspects --- Law and legislation --- Government policy --- Language and languages Political aspects --- Minoritized languages

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In the last 20 years dual language education programs have increased in number and expanded in range. Whereas once they were predominantly focused at the elementary level, they now span from pre-K through to high school. This book examines the key attributes of successful dual language programs, as well as the challenges and opportunities involved in extending the dual language instructional model to pre-K and secondary settings. Chapter authors, who are themselves both researchers and practitioners, explore the latest research and policy implications for implementation of dual language in three different contexts; within a school, a dual language school and a dual language district. This book will be of interest to teachers, teacher educators, professional development specialists, policymakers, administrators, and researchers.

Education, Bilingual --- Education, Bilingual. --- Multicultural education --- Multicultural education. --- Bilingual . --- Dual Language Programs. --- Dual Language research and policy. --- Dual Language. --- Language Education. --- Language Learning. --- Language Policy. --- bilingualism. --- LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / General. --- Intercultural education --- Education --- Culturally relevant pedagogy --- Culturally sustaining pedagogy --- Bilingualism --- Multilingual education

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