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Brazil is the world's sixth-largest economy, and for the first three-quarters of the twentieth century was one of the fastest-growing countries in the world. While the country underwent two decades of unrelenting decline from 1975 to 1994, the economy has rebounded dramatically. How did this nation become an emerging power? Brazil in Transition looks at the factors behind why this particular country has successfully progressed up the economic development ladder. The authors examine the roles of beliefs, leadership, and institutions in the elusive, critical transition to sustainable development.Analyzing the last fifty years of Brazil's history, the authors explain how the nation's beliefs, centered on social inclusion yet bound by orthodox economic policies, led to institutions that altered economic, political, and social outcomes. Brazil's growth and inflation became less variable, the rule of law strengthened, politics became more open and competitive, and poverty and inequality declined. While these changes have led to a remarkable economic transformation, there have also been economic distortions and inefficiencies that the authors argue are part of the development process.Brazil in Transition demonstrates how a dynamic nation seized windows of opportunity to become a more equal, prosperous, and rules-based society.

E-books --- Brazil --- Economic policy. --- Social policy. --- Politics and government. --- Economic policy and planning (general) --- Internal politics --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Development / Economic Development. --- Argentina. --- Brazil. --- Brazilian economy. --- Brazilian miracle. --- Brazilian society. --- Dilma Rousseff. --- Fernando Henrique Cardoso. --- IPF. --- Luiz Incio Lula da Silva. --- Plano Real. --- beliefs. --- business sector. --- competitive processes. --- conceptual dynamic. --- critical transition. --- critical transitions. --- democracy. --- development. --- developmentalism. --- dominant networks. --- economic development. --- economic policy. --- emerging power. --- illiterates. --- import substitution. --- inductive framework. --- inflation. --- institutional change. --- institutional changes. --- institutional deepening. --- institutional possibility frontiers. --- leadership. --- middle class. --- military government. --- military regime. --- political elites. --- political rights. --- political transition. --- presidency. --- public goods. --- redemocratization. --- reform process. --- social inclusion. --- stasis. --- sustainable development.

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Economics

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Critical transitions for a country are historical periods when the powerful organizations in a country shift from one set of beliefs about how institutions (the formal and informal rules of the game) will affect outcomes to a new set of beliefs. Critical transitions can lead a country toward more openness politically and economically or toward a more exclusionary society. Economic and political development is contextual; that is, there is no recipe. Periods of relative persistence are the norm with changes in institutions at the margin. We develop a framework consisting of several interconnected relatively unexplored concepts that we first define in a static context and then utilize to show how they produce a dynamic of institutional change or persistence. The key concepts include: windows of opportunity, beliefs, and leadership. Our major contribution is wedding the concepts of windows of opportunity, beliefs, and leadership to the dominant network, institutions, and economic and political outcomes to form a dynamic. We apply the framework illustratively to understand economic and political development in Argentina over the past 100 years.