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L'histoire du cinéma est-allemand est indissociable de celle de la DEFA (Deutsche Film AG), société de production d'État, fondée en 1946 sous l'impulsion des autorités soviétiques. Avec à terme 2.200 employés, la DEFA, installée dans le quartier de Babelsberg à Potsdam, a produit jusqu'en 1992 plus de 700 longs métrages de cinéma et plus de 500 téléfilms. Des productions qui reflètent l'histoire et les contradictions de la République Démocratique Allemande (RDA), et offrent un aperçu passionnant de l'évolution des représentations morales et idéologiques portées par ses cinéastes, depuis la lutte contre le militarisme et le rejet du nazisme jusqu'à l'affrontement Est-Ouest. Mais les réalisateurs de la DEFA se trouvaient parfois écartelés entre les directives du Parti, les attentes du public et leur propre vision. Plusieurs films, critiques à l'égard du pouvoir ou esthétiquement trop audacieux marque de la ?décadence occidentale? et ont été frappés par la censure pour ne ressurgir qu'après la chute du mur.

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The Bank of England's current "quantitative easing" strategy has given rise to a controversial debate about the effects and risks of unconventional monetary policy. The present paper makes two contributions to this debate. First, it provides a systematic overview of unconventional policy options, drawing from existing theoretical and empirical studies. Against this backdrop, it then analyzes the BoE's specific policies, discussing their effectiveness so far and putting them into a cross-country context. Tentative evidence on the BoE's quantitative easing is moderately encouraging, although the strategy is neither guaranteed to succeed nor as perilous as some of its detractors claim.

Finance --- Business & Economics --- Banking --- Banks and banking, Central --- Monetary policy --- Bank of England. --- Banker's banks --- Banks, Central --- Central banking --- Central banks --- Governor and Company of the Bank of England --- Eiran Ginkō --- Old Lady of Threadneedle Street --- Old Lady in Threadneedle Street --- Great Britain. --- Banks and banking --- Banks and Banking --- Inflation --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Monetary Policy --- Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Monetary economics --- Macroeconomics --- Unconventional monetary policies --- Central bank policy rate --- Monetary base --- Interest rates --- Prices --- Money supply --- United Kingdom

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Zonder onderwerpscode: financiewezen

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This paper studies how the effects of government spending vary with the economic environment. Using a panel of OECD countries, we identify fiscal shocks as residuals from an estimated spending rule and trace their macroeconomic impact under different conditions regarding the exchange rate regime, public indebtedness, and health of the financial system. The unconditional responses to a positive spending shock broadly confirm earlier findings. However, conditional responses differ systematically across exchange rate regimes, as real appreciation and external deficits occur mainly under currency pegs. We also find output and consumption multipliers to be unusually high during times of financial crisis.

Business & Economics --- Economic Theory --- Multiplier (Economics) --- Monetary policy. --- Monetary management --- Economic multiplier --- Economic policy --- Currency boards --- Money supply --- Economics --- Income --- National income --- Circular velocity of money --- Financial Risk Management --- Foreign Exchange --- Public Finance --- Fiscal Policy --- Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy --- Stabilization --- Treasury Policy --- Open Economy Macroeconomics --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Financial Crises --- Public finance & taxation --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Macroeconomics --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Expenditure --- Fiscal policy --- Financial crises --- Exchange rate arrangements --- Real exchange rates --- Expenditures, Public --- United States

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