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#SBIB:303H31 --- #SBIB:303H34 --- #SBIB:39A73 --- Kwalitatieve methoden: sociale en culturele antropologie --- Kwalitatieve methoden: grondige gevallenstudie, casework, social work --- Etnografie: Afrika --- Gender identity --- Investigatieve rapporten --- Rwanda

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Het Belgische politieke bedrijf baadt in een sfeer van crisis en onzekerheid. Traditionele partijen zien hun kiezersaantallen afnemen, de politieke uitersten winnen aan populariteit en het traditionele middenveld slaagt er steeds minder in om een brug te slaan tussen burgers en politiek. Deze politieke en institutionele veranderingen zijn een weerspiegeling van diepgaande sociologische verschuivingen en een herverkaveling van de publieke opinie. DE BREUKLIJNEN VOORBIJ? onderzoekt de wijzigingen in stemgedrag en publieke opinie vanuit een wetenschappelijk en empirisch perspectief. De analyses in dit boek illustreren hoe structurele posities verband houden met politieke, culturele en economische waardenoriëntaties, en hoe deze scheidslijnen zich vertalen in stemgedrag. We stellen vragen als: Wat denken burgers over de vakbonden, het activeringsbeleid en de integratie van etnische minderheden? Hoe variëren deze opvattingen tussen verschillende sociale groepen en hoe veranderen ze in de loop van de tijd? In hoeverre beïnvloeden onze waardeoriëntaties onze keuze voor een politieke partij? En hoe zit het met de opkomstplicht in ons land? De auteurs zijn verbonden aan het Instituut voor Sociaal en Politiek Opinieonderzoek (ISPO) en Centrum voor Sociologisch Onderzoek (CeSO) van de KU Leuven. Ze organiseren samen het Belgisch Nationaal Verkiezingsonderzoek.

#SBIB:303H34 --- #SBIB:323H310 --- 200 Politiek. --- 242 Nationaliteitenproblemen, Nationalisme. --- 313.3 Samenwerking. Federaal, Gemeenschappen, Gewesten. --- 314.2 Verkiezingsprogramma's. --- 315 Taalkwestie en communautaire problemen. --- 380 Politieke partijen en stromingen. --- 451 Werkloosheid. --- 453.1 Vakbonden. --- 654 Publieke opinie. --- 661.1 Welzijnszorg. Overheid. --- 668.6 Multiculturele samenleving. --- BPB2312. --- Turkije. --- absenteïsme. --- academic collection. --- blanco-stem. --- minderheden. --- polarisering. --- populisme. --- stemgedrag. --- Kwalitatieve methoden: grondige gevallenstudie, casework, social work. --- Belgische politieke partijen: algemeen. --- Economic policy and planning (general) --- Political sociology --- Belgium --- politiek

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Prejudice remains a persistent social problem in Western societies. Critically, prejudices are often not directed toward one single target group but generalize across a variety of groups. People who dislike immigrants or Jews are also more likely to dislike homosexuals and Muslims. To put it in the words of Allport (1954, p. 69): â€ﾜThe fact that scapegoats of different breeds are so often harnessed together shows that it is the totality of prejudice that is important rather than specific accusations against single groups.” This totality of prejudice is often referred to as â€ﾜgeneralized prejudice,” the central topic of this dissertation. If prejudices come as a package, they should be studied as such. Therefore, the main goal is to gain deeper knowledge on generalized prejudice, or the general tendency to devalue any kind of target group, irrespective of its characteristics, status or group membership. on generalized prejudice is almost exclusively focused on explaining the communality between prejudices without considering the target-specific part, i.e. the variance unique to a target group. The second is that this communality is dominantly explained with person-based characteristics such as personality, social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism, without recognizing the influence of the social context. Regardless the increase in research on contextual explanations of prejudice, these studies all remain target-group focused (e.g. only about anti-immigrant prejudice) and disregard the communality in prejudice. As such, research on generalized and target-specific prejudice seem to have lived separate lives in this regard. ities of prejudice can be ignored. Therefore, it is crucial to model both the common and specific component of prejudice simultaneously. Second, indicators of the social context – such as economic conditions, cultural values and political propaganda – should be fully integrated in questions on the structure, origins, and consequences of generalized prejudice. One cannot understand how patterns of prejudice are formed if external influences are not accounted for. This results in two guiding research questions: (1) How are target-specific prejudices mutually associated and what is the role of the social environment on the structure of prejudice (i.e. the linkage between target-specific prejudices)? (2) What are the contextual triggers and consequences of the generalized and target-specific components of prejudice? Three aspects of the social environment are considered: the family context, the intergroup context and the socio-cultural context. follows: (1) Different forms of prejudice are positively associated, but the exact structure of prejudice varies between different societies. (2) Parent-child similarity is larger for generalized prejudice compared to target-specific prejudice and is mediated by parent-child resemblance in social dominance and right-wing authoritarianism. Politicization of the family increases parent-child similarity in prejudice and ideological attitudes. (3) Next to a prejudiced personality, individuals show different levels of prejudice against different outgroups, resulting in prejudice hierarchies. This ranking is dependent on the intergroup context, i.e. characteristics of the target group, intergroup relations, and how society treats, perceives, portrays and stereotypes these groups. For example, target groups that are portrayed positively/negatively in television news are also the groups that are evaluated more positively/negatively by the public. (4) The origins and consequences of prejudices^ cannot simply be generalized across target groups. Prejudice toward one target-group may diverge from prejudice toward other groups contingent on the history, tradition, state of the economy, political discourse, and cultural values of a country. The translation of prejudices to political consequences is conditional on the particular socio-cultural and intergroup context of a society. (5) Generalized prejudice is more abstract and therefore primarily defined by personality traits and ideological attitudes, factors that are unspecific to a social group. Target-specific attitudes are more concrete and primarily defined by situational and contextual predictors. ination to (dis)like outgroups, but at the same time they have clear reasons to differentiate their evaluation of these groups. Here, it is shown that the social environment is responsible for the latter. Therefore, probably the most important conclusion is that context matters for the structure and content of generalized prejudice. Mechanisms of prejudice are not universal and cannot be applied to any person or in any contextual setting. The structure of prejudice is a dynamic process, continuously adapting to the justification and suppression mechanisms offered by society and must therefore be studied with a specific intergroup context in mind. One needs to know how target groups are perceived and what motivates bigoted people to direct prejudice against certain ta

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Deze masterproef heeft als doel te achterhalen hoe Karrewiet, het jeugdjournaal van Ketnet, immigranten en vluchtelingen afbeeldt in zijn programmatie en baseert zich op het belang van de afbeelding van minderheden in de media voor het vormen van attitudes en oordelen bij kinderen. Het belang hiervan wordt geschetst aan de hand van de contacttheorie, de ‘social learning theory’, de socialisatie theorie en de ‘impressionable years hypothesis’. Gezien de immigratie van vluchtelingen en asielzoekers naar Europa hoog op de agenda staat in Europa richt deze masterproef zich op immigranten, vluchtelingen en asielzoekers als minderheidsgroep. De vraag hoe Karrewiet immigranten en vluchtelingen in beeld brengt, wordt beantwoord in drie deelvragen betreffende 1) de aandacht die Karrewiet schenkt aan vluchtelingen en asielzoekers in zijn programmatie, 2) een vergelijking met het VRT Journaal wat betreft de toon van de items over deze groepen en de zichtbaarheid van immigrante en vluchtelinge actoren en 3) het kinderperspectief dat Karrewiet hanteert in de items over deze minderheidsgroep. Deze masterproef tracht de onderzoeksvragen te beantwoorden op basis van een kwalitatieve inhoudsanalyse van de nieuwsitems van Karrewiet over immigranten en vluchtelingen tussen 2002 en 2017, op basis van een a priori opgesteld codeerschema en de Krippendorff’s alpha als maat voor betrouwbaarheid. Op basis van de resultaten concludeert de masterproef dat Karrewiet immigranten en vluchtelingen vooral op een positieve manier in beeld brengt, zelden in relatie tot een probleem, een vaak immigrante en vluchtelinge actoren en kinderen aan bod en aan het woord laat. Dit is gunstig voor Karrewiet, gezien deze factoren kunnen bijdragen tot meer tolerantie en een reductie van vooroordelen en negatieve attitudes bij de jonge kijkers ten opzichte van immigranten en vluchtelingen, wat belangrijk is in een multiculturele samenleving.

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STEM (“Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics,”) is increasingly becoming a hot topic due to the dynamic and evolving nature of new sciences and technologies. According to the STEM pipeline analogy, women tend to "leak" out of the pipeline quicker and earlier than men which results in gender divides at various stages of this pipeline. In the context of Rwanda, while the Rwandan government has passed various policies to achieve gender parity, there still remains an under-representation of women in STEM careers and higher education. This study firstly identified a few theoretical and key determinants of motivation to pursue STEM in higher education. These indicators are defined as Self-efficacy in school disciplines, Spatial Ability, Gender Stereotypes, and Responsibilities and Constraints. The methodology to investigate the effect of these determinants on motivation to pursue STEM involved conceptualising a logistic MGSEM (Multi-group Structural Equations Modelling). To operationalise this, a pre-collected survey dataset by the Centre for Sociological Research at KU Leuven, VVOB – Education for development as well as the Rwandan Association for Women in Science and Engineering (RAWISE), was used. The survey took place in 20 secondary schools in Kayonza, Rwanda, selected based on a stratified random sample, and produced 915 respondents from grades S1, S3 and S6. A latent variable structure was constructed for 3 of the 4 determinants (Responsibilities and Constraints was sum-scaled instead, since all observed variables within it were binary). Next, a logistic regression on the binary outcome of pursuing STEM in higher education, was estimated using the determinants as predictor variables. And finally, the final model was compared across male and female students in a logistic MGSEM. This was all possible via the R package for complex SEM analyses: lavaan. No statistically significant differences were found between male and female students based on the regression results of this analysis, which highlights the importance of further modelling techniques or other strategies to measure the behaviours of female students when it comes to STEM. A simplified marginal effects analysis was conducted to find that female and male students both have a higher probability of pursuing STEM in higher education if they possess higher self-efficacy. However, for female students, this probability decreases if they held gender biases towards STEM activities (boys are better at STEM than girls). Overall, this study can help facilitate research on gender differences in STEM fields in Rwanda, and provide a few valuable insights into the behaviours of secondary to high school students when it comes to the decision-making of their future studies and careers. This study also uses relevant and powerful sets of modeling tools, like a logistic SEM to measure gendered differences in behaviours, which can be built on and adapted by future researchers and analysts.