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This volume presents fourteen case studies of standardization processes in eleven different Germanic languages. Together, the contributions confront problematic issues in standardization which will be of interest to sociolinguists, as well as to historical linguists from all language disciplines. The papers cover a historical range from the Middle Ages to the present and a geographical range from South Africa to Iceland, but all fall into one of the following categories: 1) shaping and diffusing a standard language; 2) the relationship between standard and identity; 3) non-standardization, de-standardization and re-standardization.

Germanic languages --- Teutonic languages --- Indo-European languages --- Standardization --- Langues germaniques --- Normalisation --- Sociolinguistics --- LANGUES GERMANIQUES --- ALLEMAND (LANGUE) --- ANGLAIS (LANGUE) --- NEERLANDAIS (LANGUE) --- NORMALISATION --- Anglais (langue)

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The articles assembled here discuss humanism as a concept and phenomenon in the literature of the Middle Ages and the early modern age. With reference to authors, genres, and various reception phenomena, the authors set out to identify a humanistic matrix in 15th and 16th century German literature with a view to confirming or problematizing the concept as a signature of the epoch. The suitability of the term humanism as an epistemic category is subjected to searching scrutiny and discussed against the background of a broad literary spectrum with consistent reference to interrelations with the

German literature --- Humanism in literature --- History and criticism --- Hofgeismar <2003> --- Deutsch. --- Early Modern Times. --- Humanism. --- Middle Ages (Literature).

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Literature

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This collection brings together research on linguistic prescriptivism and social identities, in specific contemporary and historical contexts of cross-cultural contact and awareness. Providing multilingual and multidisciplinary perspectives from language studies, lexicography, literature, and cultural studies, our contributors relate language norms to frameworks of identity beyond monolingual citizenship - nativeness, ethnicity, politics, religion, empire. Some chapters focus on traditional instruments of prescriptivism: language academies in Europe; government language planners in southeast Asia; dictionaries and grammars from Early Modern and imperial Britain, republican America, the postcolonial Caribbean, and modern Germany. Other chapters consider the roles of scholars in prescriptivism, as well as the more informal and populist mechanisms of enforcement expressed in newspapers. With a thematic introduction articulating links between its breadth of perspectives, this accessible book should engage everyone concerned with language norms.

Education, Bilingual --- Linguistic minorities --- Multicultural education --- Minority languages --- Language and languages --- Minorities --- Sociolinguistics --- Education --- Social aspects --- Political aspects --- Bilingualism --- Multilingual education --- Minoritized languages