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The ancient Greek philosophy of Pyrrhonian skepticism spread across a wide spectrum of disciplines in the 1600s, casting a shadow over the European learned world. The early modern skeptics expressed doubt concerning the existence of an objective reality independent of human perception. They also questioned long-standing philosophical assumptions and, at times, undermined the foundations of political, moral, and religious authorities. How did eighteenth-century scholars overcome this skeptical crisis of confidence to usher in the so-called Age of Reason? In The Specter of Skepticism in the Age of Enlightenment, Anton Matytsin describes how skeptical rhetoric forced philosophers to formulate the principles and assumptions that they found to be certain or, at the very least, highly probable. In attempting to answer the deep challenge of philosophical skepticism, these thinkers explicitly articulated the rules for attaining true and certain knowledge and defined the boundaries beyond which human understanding could not venture.

Rationalism. --- Skepticism --- Enlightenment. --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Religion --- Belief and doubt --- Deism --- Free thought --- Realism --- Scepticism --- Unbelief --- Agnosticism --- Aufklärung --- Eighteenth century --- Philosophy, Modern --- Rationalism --- History --- Aufklärung. --- Mouvement des Lumières. --- Rationalisme --- Rationalismus. --- Scepticisme --- Skepticism. --- 1700-1799.

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Although many historical narratives often describe the eighteenth century as an unalloyed ‘Age of Reason’, Enlightenment thinkers continued to grapple with the challenges posed by the revival and spread of philosophical skepticism. The imperative to overcome doubt and uncertainty informed some of the most innovative characteristics of eighteenth-century intellectual culture, including not only debates about epistemology and metaphysics but also matters of jurisprudence, theology, history, moral philosophy, and politics. Thinkers of this period debated about, established, and productively worked for progress within the parameters of the increasingly circumscribed boundaries of human reason. No longer considered innate and consistently perfect, reason instead became conceived as a faculty that was inherently fallible, limited by personal experiences, and in need of improvement throughout the course of any individual’s life. In its depiction of a complicated, variegated, and diverse Enlightenment culture, this volume examines the process by which philosophical skepticism was challenged and gradually tamed to bring about an anxious confidence in the powers of human understanding. The various contributions collectively demonstrate that philosophical skepticism, and not simply unshakable confidence in the powers of reason or the optimistic assumption about inevitable human improvement, was, in fact, the crucible of the Enlightenment process itself.

Mouvement des Lumières --- Scepticisme --- Geschiedenis van de filosofie --- anno 1700-1799 --- Enlightenment --- Skepticism --- History --- Europe --- Intellectual life --- Libre pensée --- History of philosophy --- Mouvement des Lumières. --- Libre pensée. --- Aufklärung. --- Eighteenth century. --- Enlightenment. --- Philosophie. --- Skepticism. --- Skeptizismus. --- 1700-1799. --- Scepticism --- Unbelief --- Agnosticism --- Belief and doubt --- Free thought --- Aufklärung --- Eighteenth century --- Philosophy, Modern --- Rationalism