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This book summarizes the latest research on the origins of language, with a focus on the process of evolution and differentiation of language. It provides an update on the earlier successful book, “The Origins of Language” edited by Nobuo Masataka and published in 2008, with new content on emerging topics. Drawing on the empirical evidence in each respective chapter, the editor presents a coherent account of how language evolved, how music differentiated from language, and how humans finally became neurodivergent as a species. Chapters on nonhuman primate communication reveal that the evolution of language required the neural rewiring of circuits that controlled vocalization. Language contributed not only to the differentiation of our conceptual ability but also to the differentiation of psychic functions of concepts, emotion, and behavior. It is noteworthy that a rudimentary form of syntax (regularity of call sequences) has emerged in nonhuman primates. The following chapters explain how music differentiated from language, whereas the pre-linguistic system, or the “prosodic protolanguage,” in nonhuman primates provided a precursor for both language and music. Readers will gain a new understanding of music as a rudimentary form of language that has been discarded in the course of evolution and its role in restoring the primordial synthesis in the human psyche. The discussion leads to an inspiring insight into autism and neurodiversity in humans. This thought-provoking and carefully presented book will appeal to a wide range of readers in linguistics, psychology, phonology, biology, anthropology and music.

Language and languages --- Origin. --- Origin of languages --- Speech --- Origin --- Behavioral sciences. --- Infant psychology. --- Linguistics. --- Physical anthropology. --- Behavioral Sciences. --- Infancy and Early Childhood Development. --- Linguistics, general. --- Biological and Physical Anthropology. --- Biological anthropology --- Somatology --- Anthropology --- Human biology --- Linguistic science --- Science of language --- Infants --- Child psychology --- Psychology --- Development --- Etnolingüística --- Lingüística --- Adquisició del llenguatge --- Aprenentatge del llenguatge --- Aprenentatge verbal --- Desenvolupament del llenguatge dels infants --- Psicolingüística --- Comunicació interpersonal en els infants --- Adquisició d'una segona llengua --- Consciència lingüística en els infants --- Interllenguatge (Aprenentatge de llengües) --- Transferència (Ensenyament de llengües) --- Llenguatge infantil --- Llenguatge i llengües --- Actes de parla (Lingüística) --- Alternança de codi (Lingüística) --- Anàlisi prosòdica (Lingüística) --- Analogia (Lingüística) --- Arcaismes (Lingüística) --- Biolingüística --- Classificadors (Lingüística) --- Coherència (Lingüística) --- Cohesió (Lingüística) --- Concepte genèric (Lingüística) --- Context (Lingüística) --- Cortesia (Lingüística) --- Creativitat (Lingüística) --- Dialectologia --- Diglòssia --- Ecolingüística --- Economia (Lingüística) --- Fonètica --- Fonologia --- Fossilització (Lingüística) --- Gramàtica --- Idiotismes --- Lexicologia --- Lingüística aplicada --- Lingüística estructural --- Lingüística històrica --- Lingüística matemàtica --- Marca (Lingüística) --- Modalitat (Lingüística) --- Paralingüística --- Paral·lelisme (Lingüística) --- Paraula (Lingüística) --- Quantificadors (Lingüística) --- Semàntica --- Sociolingüística --- Substrat (Lingüística) --- Teoria de la recció i lligament (Lingüística) --- Tipologia (Lingüística) --- Trets distintius (Lingüística) --- Universals (Lingüística) --- Història de la lingüística --- Antropologia lingüística --- Antropologia i lingüística --- Lingüística i antropologia --- Lingüística antropològica --- Antropologia --- Hipòtesi de Sapir-Whorf --- Llengua i cultura

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Developments in cognitive science indicate that human and nonhuman primates share a range of behavioral and physiological characteristics that speak to the issue of language origins. This volume has three major themes, woven throughout the chapters. First, it is argued that scientists in animal behavior and anthropology need to move beyond theoretical debate to a more empirically focused and comparative approach to language. Second, those empirical and comparative methods are described, revealing underpinnings of language, some of which are shared by humans and other primates and others of which are unique to humans. New insights are discussed, and several hypotheses emerge concerning the evolutionary forces that led to the "design" of language. Third, evolutionary challenges that led to adaptive changes in communication over time are considered with an eye toward understanding various constraints that channeled the process.

Evolution. Phylogeny --- Linguistics

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This book summarizes the latest research on the origins of language, with a focus on the process of evolution and differentiation of language. It provides an update on the earlier successful book, “The Origins of Language” edited by Nobuo Masataka and published in 2008, with new content on emerging topics. Drawing on the empirical evidence in each respective chapter, the editor presents a coherent account of how language evolved, how music differentiated from language, and how humans finally became neurodivergent as a species. Chapters on nonhuman primate communication reveal that the evolution of language required the neural rewiring of circuits that controlled vocalization. Language contributed not only to the differentiation of our conceptual ability but also to the differentiation of psychic functions of concepts, emotion, and behavior. It is noteworthy that a rudimentary form of syntax (regularity of call sequences) has emerged in nonhuman primates. The following chapters explain how music differentiated from language, whereas the pre-linguistic system, or the “prosodic protolanguage,” in nonhuman primates provided a precursor for both language and music. Readers will gain a new understanding of music as a rudimentary form of language that has been discarded in the course of evolution and its role in restoring the primordial synthesis in the human psyche. The discussion leads to an inspiring insight into autism and neurodiversity in humans. This thought-provoking and carefully presented book will appeal to a wide range of readers in linguistics, psychology, phonology, biology, anthropology and music.

Developmental psychology --- Social psychology --- Educational sciences --- Ethnology. Cultural anthropology --- Linguistics --- gedrag (mensen) --- fysische antropologie --- ontwikkeling van het kind --- baby's --- linguïstiek

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After decades of intensive research and over 10,000 publications, preterm birth remains a major global obstetric healthcare problem. Each year, early birth is responsible for the deaths of more than one million infants worldwide and is a major cause of life-long disability. Preterm birth places an enormous financial burden on our healthcare systems, resulting in long-term adverse health outcomes and lost productivity for many people. Preterm birth is a syndrome, associated with several different aetiologies; hence, potential treatment strategies need to be matched to pathophysiology in order to be effective. There is now unequivocal evidence that inflammation is causally involved in a majority of spontaneous preterm deliveries. However, the triggers of inflammation, and the strategies by which it can be safely and effectively prevented and treated, remain the subject of ongoing investigation and debate. While intraamniotic infection is an important cause of inflammation-associated preterm birth, particularly in very preterm deliveries, ‘sterile’ inflammation is actually a more common finding associated with preterm birth. It is likely that the nature, localisation, timing and extent of the inflammatory insult all determine the obstetric outcome and degree of risk to the fetus. These factors will also influence the success of approaches that might be employed to achieve better pregnancy outcomes. Despite our increased understanding of the causes and significance of intrauterine inflammation, we have yet to translate this knowledge into effective therapeutic strategies for preventing prematurity and mitigating its consequences for the neonate. In this Research Topic we review recent progress in treating and preventing inflammation-associated preterm birth, approaching the topic from both the causal and therapeutic perspectives. With global attention increasingly focused on the need to translate knowledge discovery into clinical translation, we hope this EBook will provide a stimulating and timely discussion that will focus research and lead to improved healthcare outcomes for women and children.

Neuroimaging --- fNIRS --- emotion --- working memory --- Activation study --- Hemoglobin --- Cognition --- Prefrontal Cortex

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After decades of intensive research and over 10,000 publications, preterm birth remains a major global obstetric healthcare problem. Each year, early birth is responsible for the deaths of more than one million infants worldwide and is a major cause of life-long disability. Preterm birth places an enormous financial burden on our healthcare systems, resulting in long-term adverse health outcomes and lost productivity for many people. Preterm birth is a syndrome, associated with several different aetiologies; hence, potential treatment strategies need to be matched to pathophysiology in order to be effective. There is now unequivocal evidence that inflammation is causally involved in a majority of spontaneous preterm deliveries. However, the triggers of inflammation, and the strategies by which it can be safely and effectively prevented and treated, remain the subject of ongoing investigation and debate. While intraamniotic infection is an important cause of inflammation-associated preterm birth, particularly in very preterm deliveries, ‘sterile’ inflammation is actually a more common finding associated with preterm birth. It is likely that the nature, localisation, timing and extent of the inflammatory insult all determine the obstetric outcome and degree of risk to the fetus. These factors will also influence the success of approaches that might be employed to achieve better pregnancy outcomes. Despite our increased understanding of the causes and significance of intrauterine inflammation, we have yet to translate this knowledge into effective therapeutic strategies for preventing prematurity and mitigating its consequences for the neonate. In this Research Topic we review recent progress in treating and preventing inflammation-associated preterm birth, approaching the topic from both the causal and therapeutic perspectives. With global attention increasingly focused on the need to translate knowledge discovery into clinical translation, we hope this EBook will provide a stimulating and timely discussion that will focus research and lead to improved healthcare outcomes for women and children.

Neuroimaging --- fNIRS --- emotion --- working memory --- Activation study --- Hemoglobin --- Cognition --- Prefrontal Cortex --- Neuroimaging --- fNIRS --- emotion --- working memory --- Activation study --- Hemoglobin --- Cognition --- Prefrontal Cortex