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Os Direitos Humanos têm sido mobilizados para a transformação social em diferentes contextos regionais, nacionais e locais. Neste quadro, este livro, composto por textos de autores internacionais com temas ligados a diferentes regiões do mundo, propõe uma agenda crítica aberta a um diálogo construtivo, intercultural, que tome em consideração lutas, conhecimentos e mundos alternativos.
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Earmarked credit was about half of total credit in Brazil at end-2015, after declining to one third of total credit in 2007, it is back to the levels in late 1990s. During 2008-15, earmarked credit increased from 12 to close to 30 percent of GDP. Initially, the objective was to counteract the retrenchment in lending by private lenders. However, earmarked credit expansion continued during the subsequent commodity boom period. This paper provides a taxonomy of the complex earmarked credit system and a preliminary analysis of the potential implications. The interventions include a complex web of price and quantity regulations, reserve requirements, tax exemptions and forced savings schemes that are used for earmarked lending to specific sectors. The objective of the taxonomy is to understand who funds the system, who benefits from it and how is it intermediated.
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Scholars in the humanities have long paid attention to spatial theory and cartographic outputs. Moreover, in recent years, new technologies and methods have lead to the emergence of a field that is now commonly known as the Spatial Humanities. Methods from the standard toolset of geographic information systems (e.g., computation of viewsheds and zones of influence, least-cost path analysis, mass-preserving areal weighting and dasymetric mapping, terrain classification according to land coverage or land use, different types of thematic cartography techniques, etc.) have been successfully employed to analyze the geographies of human cultures, both past and present, and to address research questions posed by humanities-based fields. However, many challenges persist in the application of more recent technical developments in the geographical information sciences, which have been showcased in venues such as ACM SIGSPATIAL (e.g., high performance computing methods for analyzing increasingly larger datasets, intelligent techniques based on machine learning for developing and tuning models making use of multiple sources of auxiliary data, the usage of volunteered geographical information to complement traditional data sources, or methods from the geo- spatial semantic web to ease interoperability across datasets and services).
Digital humanities --- Geographic information systems --- Human geography --- Machine learning --- Social aspects --- Data processing
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Most aggregate theories of financial frictions model credit available at a single cost of financing but rationed. However, using a comprehensive firm-level credit registry, we document both high levels and high dispersion in credit spreads to Brazilian firms. We develop a quantitative dynamic general equilibrium model in which dispersion in spreads arises from intermediation costs and market power. Calibrating to the Brazilian data, we show that, for equivalent levels of external financing, dispersion has more profound impacts on aggregate development than single-price credit rationing and yields firm dynamics that are more consistent with observed patterns.
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The question of sustainability in the open access movement has been widely debated, yet satisfactory answers have yet to be generated: How do we move from an approach entirely based on temporary projects to an approach based on community-based sustainable infrastructure? What kinds of social and technical infrastructures could support the Knowledge Commons? What values and services are being delivered, by which stakeholders, and for whom? What governance and financial models are possible? Given the global nature of scholarly communication, how do we ensure that the designs of the Commons are inclusive of voices from the global South? This volume collects nine selected papers presented at ELPUB2018 Conference in June 2018 in Toronto. Each paper was carefully selected, reviewed and edited to bring to an international audience the latest contributions from researchers and experts in the field. In addition to the technical issues related to interoperability of systems, research workflow, content preservation, and other services, the selected papers address the design and implementation of a community-based research communication infrastructure. ELPUB Conference has featured research results in various aspects of digital publishing for over two decades, involving a diverse international community of librarians, developers, publishers, entrepreneurs, administrators and researchers across the disciplines in the sciences and the humanities.
Information Science & Library Science --- inclusive knowledge infrastructures --- institutional repository --- open access --- open data --- open science --- research infrastructure --- electronic publishing --- knowledge production --- knowledge common --- sustainability
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