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Engelse letterkunde --- Letterkunde --- Littérature --- Littérature anglaise --- Engelse en Amerikaanse letterkunde --- Littératures anglaise et américaine --- 82 (Martin, L.A. 7.03 = 393)

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Engelse letterkunde --- Letterkunde --- Littérature --- Littérature anglaise --- Engelse en Amerikaanse letterkunde --- Littérature anglaise et américaine --- 82 (Martin, L.A. 7.03 = 393)

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For the past 60 years, India has promoted small-scale industries (SSI). Industrial promotion took the form of reserving certain products for manufacture by small and medium firms. The stated goal of Indian policy makers was to promote employment growth and income redistribution. In this paper, we use a new version of the Annual Survey of Industries (ASI) that allows us to follow plants over time and examine whether small factories in India exhibit faster employment growth than larger factories. We find that, as in the United States, larger, younger factories grow more quickly and create more jobs than smaller, older factories. We then exploit the fact that India eliminated SSI reservations for more than half of all reserved products between 1997 and 2007 to identify the consequences of removing these policies. We find that districts more exposed to the de-reservation experienced higher employment and wage growth than those that were less exposed. These effects are driven by the growth of factories that moved into the de-reserved product space, whose expansion more than compensated for the shrinking of smaller, incumbent firms.

Zonder onderwerpscode: economie

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Recent trade theory emphasizes the role of market-share reallocations across firms ("stealing") in driving productivity growth, while the older literature focused on average productivity improvements ("learning"). The authors use comprehensive, firm-level data from India's organized manufacturing sector to show that market-share reallocations did play an important role in aggregate productivity gains immediately following the start of India's trade reforms in 1991. However, aggregate productivity gains during the overall period from 1985 to 2004 were driven largely by improvements in average productivity, which can be attributed to India's trade liberalization and FDI reforms.

Trade Policy • International Trade Organizations --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Multinational Firms • International Business --- World Bank

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An ongoing debate in employment policy is whether promoting small and medium enterprises creates more employment. Do small enterprises generate more employment growth than larger firms? We use the elimination of small-scale industry (SSI) promotion in India to address this question. For 60 years, SSI promotion in India focused on reserving certain products for manufacture by small and medium establishments. We identify the consequences for employment growth, investment, output, productivity, and wages of dismantling India's SSI reservations. We exploit variation in the timing of de-reservation across products; our identification strategy is also robust to measuring the long-run impact of national SSI policy changes using variation in pre-treatment exposure at the district level, and to conducting placebo tests using products that were never de-reserved. Districts more exposed to de-reservation experienced higher employment and wage growth. The results suggest that promoting employment growth in the Indian case was not achieved via SSI reservation policies.