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Our knowledge of the surrounding world is obtained by our senses, of which vision is the most important for the information it can provide. In artificial systems, the field of Computer Vision aims to identify physical objects and scenes from captured images, to make useful decisions. This involves the processing and analysis of images, video data, and multi-dimensional data like medical scans. In this context, motion provides a stimulus for detecting objects in movement within the observed scene. Moreover, motion allows other characteristics to be obtained, such as object shape, speed or trajectory, which are meaningful for detection and recognition. However, the motion observable in a visual input can be due to different factors: movement of the imaged objects, movement of the observer, motion of the light sources, or a combination of these. This work focuses on motion detection from images captured by perspective and fisheye still cameras, proposing a complete sensor-independent visual system that provides robust target motion detection. First, the way sensors obtain images is studied, allowing a spatial analysis of motion to be carried out. Then, a novel background maintenance approach for robust target motion detection is implemented. Two different situations are considered: a fixed camera observing a constant background where objects are moving; and a still camera observing objects in movement against a dynamic background. This permits the development of a surveillance mechanism that removes the constraint of observing a scene free of foreground elements to obtain a reliable background model, since this situation cannot be guaranteed when operating in an unknown environment. Other problems are also addressed for the successful handling of changes in illumination, the distinction between foreground and background elements, and non-uniform vacillating backgrounds.

Metal-work -- Congresses. --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Applied Physics --- Detectors. --- Motion. --- Kinetics --- Sensors --- Computer science. --- Image processing. --- Computer Science. --- Image Processing and Computer Vision. --- Dynamics --- Physics --- Kinematics --- Engineering instruments --- Physical instruments --- Computer vision. --- Machine vision --- Vision, Computer --- Artificial intelligence --- Image processing --- Pattern recognition systems --- Optical data processing. --- Optical computing --- Visual data processing --- Bionics --- Electronic data processing --- Integrated optics --- Photonics --- Computers --- Optical equipment

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In nature, it is possible to observe a cooperative behaviour in all animals, since, according to Charles Darwin’s theory, every being, from ants to human beings, form groups in which most individuals work for the common good. However, although study of dozens of social species has been done for a century, details of how and why cooperation evolved remain to be worked out. Actually, cooperative behaviour has been studied from different points of view. Swarm robotics is a new approach that emerged on the field of artificial swarm intelligence, as well as the biological studies of insects (i.e. ants and other fields in nature) which coordinate their actions to accomplish tasks that are beyond the capabilities of a single individual. In particular, swarm robotics is focused on the coordination of decentralised, self-organised multi-robot systems in order to describe such a collective behaviour as a consequence of local interactions with one another and with their environment. This book has only provided a partial picture of the field of swarm robotics by focusing on practical applications. The global assessment of the contributions contained in this book is reasonably positive since they highlighted that it is necessary to adapt and remodel biological strategies to cope with the added complexity and problems that arise when robot individuals are considered.

Robotics. --- Automation --- Machine theory --- Artificial intelligence

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Assistive robots are categorized as robots that share their area of work and interact with humans. Their main goals are to help, assist, and monitor humans, especially people with disabilities. To achieve these goals, it is necessary that these robots possess a series of characteristics, namely the abilities to perceive their environment from their sensors and act consequently, to interact with people in a multimodal manner, and to navigate and make decisions autonomously. This complexity demands computationally expensive algorithms to be performed in real time. The advent of high-end embedded processors has enabled several such algorithms to be processed concurrently and in real time. All these capabilities involve, to a greater or less extent, the use of machine learning techniques. In particular, in the last few years, new deep learning techniques have enabled a very important qualitative leap in different problems related to perception, navigation, and human understanding. In this Special Issue, several works are presented involving the use of machine learning techniques for assistive technologies, in particular for assistive robots.

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Assistive robots are categorized as robots that share their area of work and interact with humans. Their main goals are to help, assist, and monitor humans, especially people with disabilities. To achieve these goals, it is necessary that these robots possess a series of characteristics, namely the abilities to perceive their environment from their sensors and act consequently, to interact with people in a multimodal manner, and to navigate and make decisions autonomously. This complexity demands computationally expensive algorithms to be performed in real time. The advent of high-end embedded processors has enabled several such algorithms to be processed concurrently and in real time. All these capabilities involve, to a greater or less extent, the use of machine learning techniques. In particular, in the last few years, new deep learning techniques have enabled a very important qualitative leap in different problems related to perception, navigation, and human understanding. In this Special Issue, several works are presented involving the use of machine learning techniques for assistive technologies, in particular for assistive robots.

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This book constitutes the proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, SAB 2014, held in Castellón, Spain, in July 2014. The 32 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the proceedings. They cover the main areas in animat research, including the animat approach and methodology, perception and motor control, navigation and internal world models, learning and adaptation, evolution and collective and social behavior.

Complex analysis --- Mathematical statistics --- Computer science --- Computer architecture. Operating systems --- Artificial intelligence. Robotics. Simulation. Graphics --- Computer. Automation --- computervisie --- patroonherkenning --- beeldverwerking --- factoranalyse --- complexe analyse (wiskunde) --- bedrijfssoftware --- computers --- informatica --- informatiesystemen --- KI (kunstmatige intelligentie) --- computerkunde --- robots --- optica --- AI (artificiële intelligentie)