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Neural Tube Defects Chairwoman: Professor Judith Hall 1994 Neural tube defects are major human congenital malformations. They are the second most common cause of perinatal death owing to birth defect in the UK and lead to considerable childhood morbidity. This book contains descriptions of normal neurulation in birds, amphibians and mammals, including humans. The anatomy of neural tube defects is discussed, with emphasis on the underlying molecular genetics, particularly in mouse strains with heritable neural tube defects. There is evidence for both genetic and environmental factors in the development of neural tube defects. Possible risk factors include anticonvulsant agents, diabetes and alcohol: the current status of epidemiological studies on these is assessed and the relative contributions of potential causative elements are critically reviewed. Clinical trials in humans have shown that folic acid consumption before and immediately after conception significantly reduces the risk of having a child with a neural tube defect. The book contains a detailed description of folic acid metabolism and discussion of how it may act during neural tube closure. The book describes methods for antenatal detection and diagnosis of neural tube defects. The feasibility of treatment, both in utero and after birth, is considered. Finally, the book presents the case for implementing a programme to ensure adequate consumption of folic acid by all women of child-bearing age. Possible objections to, or disadvantages of, such a programme are discussed fully and solutions to such problems are proposed. Related Ciba Foundation Symposia: No. 156 The childhood environment and adult disease Chairman: David Barker 1991 ISBN 0 471 92957 3 No. 165 Postimplantation development in the mouse Chairwoman: Anne McLaren 1992 ISBN 0 471 93384 8 No. 182 Germline development Chairwoman: Anne McLaren 1994 ISBN 0 471 94264 2

Neural Tube Defects. --- Neural tube --- -Embryology --- Nervous system --- Acrania --- Developmental Neural Tube Defects --- Iniencephaly --- Neural Tube Developmental Defects --- Neuroenteric Cyst --- Occult Spinal Dysraphism --- Occult Spinal Dysraphism Sequence --- Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome --- Craniorachischisis --- Developmental Defects, Neural Tube --- Diastematomyelia --- Exencephaly --- Neurenteric Cyst --- Spinal Cord Myelodysplasia --- Tethered Cord Syndrome --- Acranias --- Craniorachischises --- Cyst, Neurenteric --- Cyst, Neuroenteric --- Cysts, Neurenteric --- Cysts, Neuroenteric --- Defect, Neural Tube --- Defects, Neural Tube --- Diastematomyelias --- Dysraphism, Occult Spinal --- Dysraphisms, Occult Spinal --- Exencephalies --- Iniencephalies --- Myelodysplasia, Spinal Cord --- Myelodysplasias, Spinal Cord --- Neural Tube Defect --- Neurenteric Cysts --- Neuroenteric Cysts --- Occult Spinal Dysraphisms --- Spinal Cord Myelodysplasias --- Spinal Dysraphism, Occult --- Spinal Dysraphisms, Occult --- Tethered Cord Syndromes --- Abnormalities --- -Congresses --- Neural Tube Defects --- -Abnormalities --- Neural tube defects

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Protons --- Cell membranes --- Biological transport --- Cell Membrane --- Biological Transport --- Congresses --- metabolism --- Cells. --- Protons - Congresses --- Cell membranes - Congresses --- Biological transport - Congresses --- Cell Membrane - metabolism - congresses --- Protons - congresses --- Biological Transport - congresses --- Cells --- Hydrogen-ion concentration --- Ions --- BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT --- PROTONS --- CELL MEMBRANE --- METABOLISM

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Mice --- Embryos --- Congresses --- Development --- Developmental cytology --- Physiology --- Mice - Embryos - Congresses. --- Mice - Development - Congresses. --- Developmental cytology - Congresses. --- Mice - Embryos - Physiology - Congresses. --- EMBRYO --- GENE EXPRESSION --- MICE --- POSTIMPLANTATION PHASE --- GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT --- CONGRESSES --- EMBRYOLOGY --- PHYSIOLOGY

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Applications of Plant Cell and Tissue Culture Chairman: Y. Yamada 1988 Interest in all aspects of plant cell and tissue culture is expanding rapidly as the technologies available improve and the commercial potential of these processes becomes apparent. This book covers basic plant physiology and cytology and extends to the practical exploitation of plants, both as crops per se and as sources of useful compounds produced as secondary metabolites. The reduction of plants to single cells or tissues that can be maintained in culture facilitates their manipulation by the techniques of molecular biology. Genes encoding desirable traits, for example herbicide or pathogan resistance or early flowering, can be introduced into domesticated crops by transformation of normal plant cells using a natural vector such as Agrobacterium, by the uptake of DNA into protoplasts using techniques developed for animal cells, or by direct injection of DNA into intact cells with cell walls. Application of these technologies to forest trees is especially important because the long lifespan of these species makes their improvement by conventional breeding programmes very slow. Problems of commercial exploitation considered include the storage of genetically engineered material until progeny evaluation has been completed, the stability of traits in culture, and the feasibility of adapting laboratory methods to large-scale production plants. There is also some discussion of the sociolegal aspects of genetic engineering of crop plants, and of the difficulties of marketing 'natural' compounds produced by cells under artificial conditions. Related Ciba Foundation Symposia: No 97 Better crops for food Chairman: E. A. Bell 1983 ISBN 0 272 79729 4 No 133 Plant resistance to viruses Chairman: B. D. Harris 1987 ISBN 0 471 91263 8

Plant micropropagation --- Plant Molecular Biology --- Plant Molecular Biology. --- Plant biotechnology --- Plant cell culture --- Plant tissue culture --- Congresses --- Basic Sciences. Molecular Biology --- Congresses. --- Plant propagation --- In vitro --- Plant biotechnology - Congresses --- Plant cell culture - Congresses --- Plant tissue culture - Congresses --- Plant micropropagation - Congresses --- CELLS, CULTURED --- PLANTS --- TISSUE CULTURE --- GENETICS --- GENETIC CODE --- GENETIC VECTORS --- CONGRESSES