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Audiovisual methods --- Audio-visual education --- Audio-visual materials --- Bibliography --- Catalogs --- -Audio-visual materials --- -Audio-visual aids --- Audio-visuals --- Audiovisual materials --- Audiovisuals --- AV materials --- Nonbook materials --- Educational technology --- Teaching --- Instructional materials personnel --- Visual education --- Sociale psychologie --- Bibliography. --- Catalogs. --- persuasieve communicatie --- -Bibliography --- persuasieve communicatie. --- Audio-visual education - Bibliography --- Audio-visual materials - Catalogs
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This master thesis empirically examines the impact of the national culture, the religiosity and the ultimate owners on the risk-taking behaviour of Islamic banking subsidiaries. For this purpose, the present study uses a sample of 206 Islamic banks (independent Islamic banks and subsidiaries) operating in 36 countries. The religiosity in the country of operation and the home country of the ultimate owner is accounted for by the local population’s degree of adherence to Islam. The national culture is measured by four cultural dimensions - masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, individualism and power distance -of the Hofstede model. The findings suggest that the Islamic subsidiaries, regardless of their type, are less risky than the independent Islamic banks. The difference is risk-taking across the groups is assumed to be predominantly driven by the fact of having an ultimate owner or not. The national culture of the country in which a bank operates has a strong significant impact on the risk-taking behaviour of the Islamic banks. This effect is found to be stronger than the effect of the national culture in the home country of the ultimate owner. Further evidence suggests a decrease in risk-taking for larger banks and an increase in risk-taking for subsidiaries that have larger ultimate owners. Also, Islamic banks that operate in countries where the adherence of the population to Islam high are more likely to take more risk. The contrary was found when it is the country of the ultimate owner that has a high adherence to Islam. Finally, the independent Islamic banks display a different risk-taking behaviour in reaction to adherence to Islam and bank size. This study aims at deepening our understanding of the role played by the environment and the ultimate owners of Islamic banks.
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A growing number of researchers are attempting to examine the various drivers of corporate social performance. Yet, research in an emerging market context remains limited. This thesis aims to contribute to the literature by integrating the concept of slack resources and the institutional perspective. Since emerging markets differ significantly from developed markets due to their weak institutional environment and resource scarcity, they are not always motivated to behave socially. In this thesis it is argued that the regulatory environment and higher levels of international exposure can encourage companies to commit resources to CSP. Using a panel dataset of1378 publicly listed companies from both emerging and developed markets for the period of 2014-2018, it can be concluded that slack resources have a negative impact on CSP for EM-MNEs. Results show international exposure positively affect de relationship between slack and CSP, but no statistical support is found for the increasing regulatory environment.
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This thesis investigates the effect of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on a firm’s cost of debt and credit rating and secondly, whether country institutional factors moderate this relationship. The research contributes to the growing literature concerning CSR and firm value by exploring this relationship through a new channel which till date does not receive adequate attention from academics. This study also provides important implications for business practitioners and policymakers regarding strategic employment of CSR activities in different host countries with varying degree of institutional factors. Using a cross-sectional data sample consisting of 6271 bond observations issued by 883 firms located in 41 countries and spanning 10 industry sectors, the research finds strong supportive evidence that socially responsible firms can acquire cheaper debt financing and enjoy higher credit rating. Additionally, the results reveal a positive enhancement effect of country institutional factors on the relationship, albeit the magnitude is rather modest.
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This research investigates the effect of foreign direct investments and export on the capital structure of companies in emerging economies. Based on the agency theory, various hypotheses are tested on a dataset of 2049 South Korean listed companies. Regression analysis reveals that multinationals employ a higher long term degree of debt than domestic companies do. Additionally, a negative correlation is discovered between foreign direct investments and degree of debt, contradictory to findings in other research regarding multinationals in emerging economies. The degree in which a company does export will lead to a lower degree of debt. Finally, the interaction-effect between degree of direct foreign investments and the export is investigated on the capital structure of multinationals, leading to the conclusion that the impact is not significant. This indicates that the costs for creditors connected to agency costs will rise significantly when the company processes increase in complexity.
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Innovation is one of the key objectives of the Europe 2020 growth strategy, as it is a main driver of economic growth. This paper analyses the effect of diversity on innovation, using educated and non-educated foreigners as a proxy for diversity and granted patents by the EPO as a proxy for innovation. This research is done using a pool of 21 European countries, over time period 2008-2016, which attributes to the current literature, since to our knowledge only few contributions use recent European data to measure this type of relationship. The empirical findings show that foreign-born people, educated or not, positively impact innovation, but that they negatively influence the impact of knowledge and researchers on innovation.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of location factors on the level of abnormal returns of acquisitions. 74 acquisitions between 2000 and 2017 were used in order to get results on this question. These acquisitions were cross border acquisitions made by American companies. Both acquiring and target company belong to one major sector (chemicals, rubber, plastics, non-metallic products). This paper examines five different location factors, which could have an influence on the abnormal returns. These location factors are: unemployment rate, level of education, gross domestic product, quality of trade and transport-related infrastructure and the effective corporate tax rates of a country. The results stated that two location factors have a significant effect on the abnormal returns. The abnormal returns during the announcement of an acquisition would increase thanks to the unemployment and the level of education of a specific country.
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