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The cryosphere is very sensitive to climate change, and glaciers represent one of the most important archives of atmospheric composition and its variability. From the Himalaya to the European Alps, the longest mid-latitude mountain chain in the world, lie thousands of glaciers that have collected atmospheric compounds over the last millennia. China and Italy are located at the opposite terminals of this long mountain chain, comprising strategic positions for understanding climate evolution and providing important information for the modeling of future climates. The results presented are highlights of some of the most recent advances in cryospheric studies, especially on the topic of mineral dust and aerosols in the atmosphere. They evidence the complexity of the chemical–physical processes involving solid compounds occurring in glacier, snow, and permafrost environments, covering different aspects such as spatial and temporal trends, as well as the impact of mineral and nonmineral particles. Results also show that recent advances in measurement techniques and source apportionment may be powerful and sophisticated tools to provide novel, high-quality scientific information.

XAS spectroscopy --- bacteria --- XANES --- mineral elements --- X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy --- iron geochemistry --- ice --- X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy --- mineral dust --- compositional data analysis --- synchrotron radiation --- dust --- global warming hiatus --- simultaneous measurements --- TXRF --- low concentration elemental analysis --- global warming slowdown --- paleoclimatology --- water --- X-ray fluorescence --- snow --- long-range transport --- southern hemisphere --- Antarctica --- ice core --- cryoconite --- evaporation --- contaminants --- POPs --- paleoclimate --- XANES and LCF --- ultra-dilution --- particulate matter --- trace elements --- atmospheric mineral dust --- cryospheric sciences --- ice cores --- X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy --- droplets --- Arctic rapid warming --- microbiology --- cryosphere --- polycapillary optics --- environment --- Laohugou glacier --- iron speciation --- X-ray absorption spectroscopy --- Arctic --- insoluble dust

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The THz region of the electromagnetic spectrum is a frontier research area involving application of many disciplines, from outdoor to indoor communications, security, drug detection, biometrics, food quality control, agriculture, medicine, semiconductors, and air pollution. THz research is highly demanding in term of sources with high power and time resolution, detectors, and new spectrometer systems. Many open questions still exist regarding working at THz frequencies; many materials exhibit unusual or exotic properties in the THz domain, and researchers need new methodologies to exploit these opportunities. This book contains original papers dealing with emerging applications, new devices, sources and detectors, and materials with advanced properties for applications in biomedicine, cultural heritage, technology, and space.

Research & information: general --- terahertz --- free electron laser --- energy recovery --- THz spectroscopy --- free-electron-lasers --- nonlinear optics --- THz --- waveguide spectroscopy --- coating materials --- particle accelerators --- leaky-wave antennas --- metasurface --- liquid crystals --- graphene --- FEL --- copper --- damage --- surface --- coherent synchrotron radiation --- low alpha --- cross-correlation --- pump-probe --- terahertz spectroscopy --- terahertz time-domain spectroscopy --- terahertz pulsed imaging --- near-field imaging --- biomedical imaging --- cancer diagnosis --- endoscopy --- infrared analysis --- microspectroscopy --- cultural heritage --- synchrotron radiation --- niobium --- proximity effects --- superconductivity --- detectors --- Vortex dynamics --- bunch length --- linac --- far infrared --- spectroscopy --- imaging --- THz source --- high-brightness electron beams --- laser comb technique --- optical indices --- nonlinear effects --- optical rectification --- organic crystals --- HMQ-TMS --- waveguides --- THz detector --- THz imaging --- terahertz --- free electron laser --- energy recovery --- THz spectroscopy --- free-electron-lasers --- nonlinear optics --- THz --- waveguide spectroscopy --- coating materials --- particle accelerators --- leaky-wave antennas --- metasurface --- liquid crystals --- graphene --- FEL --- copper --- damage --- surface --- coherent synchrotron radiation --- low alpha --- cross-correlation --- pump-probe --- terahertz spectroscopy --- terahertz time-domain spectroscopy --- terahertz pulsed imaging --- near-field imaging --- biomedical imaging --- cancer diagnosis --- endoscopy --- infrared analysis --- microspectroscopy --- cultural heritage --- synchrotron radiation --- niobium --- proximity effects --- superconductivity --- detectors --- Vortex dynamics --- bunch length --- linac --- far infrared --- spectroscopy --- imaging --- THz source --- high-brightness electron beams --- laser comb technique --- optical indices --- nonlinear effects --- optical rectification --- organic crystals --- HMQ-TMS --- waveguides --- THz detector --- THz imaging