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Programming --- Logic programming --- Logisch programmeren --- Logische programmering --- PROLOG (Computer program language) --- PROLOG (Computer programmeertaal) --- PROLOG (Langage de programmation) --- Programmation logique --- Programmeren [Logisch ] --- Programming [Logic ] --- Prolog (Computer program language) --- 681.3*D16 --- 681.3*D32 --- 681.3*F3 --- 681.3*I23 --- Computer programming --- Computerwetenschap--?*D16 --- language classifications: applicative languages; data-flow languages; design languages; extensible languages; macro and assembly languages; nonprocedural languages; specialized application and very high-level languages (Programminglanguages) --- Logics and meanings of programs (Theory of computation) --- Deduction and theorem proving: answer/reason extraction; reasoning; resolution; metatheory; mathematical induction; logic programming (Artificial intelligence) --- 681.3*I23 Deduction and theorem proving: answer/reason extraction; reasoning; resolution; metatheory; mathematical induction; logic programming (Artificial intelligence) --- 681.3*F3 Logics and meanings of programs (Theory of computation) --- 681.3*D32 language classifications: applicative languages; data-flow languages; design languages; extensible languages; macro and assembly languages; nonprocedural languages; specialized application and very high-level languages (Programminglanguages) --- Logic programming.

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Logic Programming --- Prolog (computer program language)

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Computer science --- Computer architecture. Operating systems --- Information systems --- Artificial intelligence. Robotics. Simulation. Graphics --- ICT (informatie- en communicatietechnieken) --- bedrijfseconomie --- programmeren (informatica) --- informatiesystemen --- database management --- informatica management --- computernetwerken --- robots

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This volume contains the tutorial papers of the Summer School Reasoning Web, July25-29,2005(http://reasoningweb. org). TheSchoolwashostedbythe University of Malta and was organized by the Network of Excellence REWERSE Reasoning on the Web with Rules and Semantics  (http://rewerse. net), funded by the EU Commission and by the Swiss Federal O?ce for Edu- tion and Science within the 6th Framework Programme under the project ref- ence number 506779. The objective of the school was to provide an introduction into methods and issues of the Semantic Web, a major endeavor in current Web research, where the World Wide Web Consortium W3C plays an important role. The main idea of the Semantic Web is to enrich Web data with meta-data carrying a meaning  of the data and allowing Web-based systems to reason about data (and meta-data). The meta-data used in Semantic Web applications is usually linked to a conceptualization of the application domain shared by di?erent applications. Such a conceptualization is called an ontology and sp- i?es classes of objects and relations between them. Ontologies are de?ned by ontology languages, based on logic and supporting formal reasoning. Just as the current Web is inherently heterogeneous in data formats and data semantics, the Semantic Web will be inherently heterogeneous in its reasoning forms. - deed, any single form of reasoning turns out to be insu?cient in the Semantic Web.

Computer science --- Computer architecture. Operating systems --- Information systems --- Artificial intelligence. Robotics. Simulation. Graphics --- Computer. Automation --- ICT (informatie- en communicatietechnieken) --- IR (information retrieval) --- bedrijfseconomie --- programmeren (informatica) --- informatiesystemen --- informatica management --- computernetwerken --- robots

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The Semantic Web is a major endeavor aimed at enriching the existing Web withmetadataandprocessingmethodssoastoprovideWeb-basedsystemswith advanced(so-calledintelligent)capabilities,inparticularwithcontext-awareness and decision support. The advanced capabilities striven for in most Semantic Web application s- narios primarily call for reasoning. Reasoning capabilities are o?ered by exi- ing Semantic Web languages, such as BPEL4WS, BPML, ConsVISor, DAML-S, JTP, TRIPLE, and others. These languages, however, were developed mostly from functionality-centered (e.g., ontology reasoning or access validation) or application-centered (e.g., Web service retrieval and composition) perspectives. A perspective centered on the reasoning techniques (e.g., forward or backward chaining, tableau-like methods, constraint reasoning, etc.) complementing the above-mentioned activities appears desirable for Semantic Web systems and - plications. The workshop on “Principles and Practice of Semantic Web Reas- ing,” which took place on December 8, 2003, in Mumbai, India, was the ?rst of a series of scienti?c meetings devoted to such a perspective. JustasthecurrentWebisinherentlyheterogeneousindataformatsanddata semantics, the Semantic Web will be inherently heterogeneous in its reasoning forms.Indeed,anysingleformof reasoningturnsouttobeirrealin theSemantic Web. For example, ontology reasoning in general relies on monotonic negation (for the metadata often can be fully speci?ed), while databases, Web databases, and Web-based information systems call for non-monotonic reasoning (for one would not specify non-existing trains in a railway timetable); constraint reas- ing is needed when dealing with time (for time intervals have to be dealt with), while(forwardand/orbackward)chainingisthereasoningofchoicewhencoping with database-like views (for views, i.e., virtual data, can be derived from actual data using operations such as join and projections).

Computer science. --- Software engineering. --- Information storage and retrieval systems. --- Information systems. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Computer Science. --- Information Systems Applications (incl.Internet). --- Software Engineering. --- Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages. --- Information Storage and Retrieval. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Semantic Web --- Telecommunications --- Electrical & Computer Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Popular works. --- Mathematical logic. --- Database management. --- Information storage and retrieval. --- Popular Science. --- Popular Computer Science. --- Database Management. --- Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet). --- Information storage and retrieva. --- Informatics --- Science --- Computer software engineering --- Engineering --- Data base management --- Data services (Database management) --- Database management services --- DBMS (Computer science) --- Generalized data management systems --- Services, Database management --- Systems, Database management --- Systems, Generalized database management --- Electronic data processing --- Automatic data storage --- Automatic information retrieval --- Automation in documentation --- Computer-based information systems --- Data processing systems --- Data storage and retrieval systems --- Discovery systems, Information --- Information discovery systems --- Information processing systems --- Information retrieval systems --- Machine data storage and retrieval --- Mechanized information storage and retrieval systems --- Computer systems --- Electronic information resources --- Data libraries --- Digital libraries --- Information organization --- Information retrieval --- Application software. --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Application computer programs --- Application computer software --- Applications software --- Apps (Computer software) --- Computer software