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Onderzoek van het antigen verwerkings- en presentatiemechanisme bij acute en chronische leukemie
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Year: 1999 Publisher: Brussel VUB

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Dissertation
Screening van antivirale compounds voor hantavirussen
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Year: 2017 Publisher: Leuven KU Leuven. Faculteit Farmaceutische Wetenschappen

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Hantavirussen zijn RNA-virussen die behoren tot de familie Bunyaviridae. Wereldwijd zijn verschillende soorten hantavirussen gekend. Het PUUV is een Oude Wereld hantavirus dat zich voornamelijk in rosse woelmuizen bevindt en NE veroorzaakt bij de mens, onder andere in België. Er werd voor PUUV een ‘neighbor-joining’ fylogenetische analyse uitgevoerd voor humane en rosse woelmuisstalen afkomstig uit verschillende plaatsen in België. Er werden drie belangrijke clusters van het S-segment gevonden, namelijk de cluster met sequenties van Chimay, het Zoniënwoud en Zevendonk (Turnhout). Deze clusters zouden ontstaan zijn door een te kleine of slechte sampling of door natuurlijke barrières. De endemische zone bevond zich vooral rond Chimay, maar het endemisch gebied was groter dan eerst gedacht aangezien er onder andere rond Turnhout ook positieve rosse woelmuisstalen werden gevonden. Van de 167 rosse woelmuisstalen testen 40 positief voor PUUV, wat neerkwam op een prevalentie van 14,98%. De prevalentie kent veel variatie naargelang tijdstip en plaats van staalname. Deze variatie kan verklaard worden door verschillende variabelen gelinkt aan het virus, de gastheer en de mens. Ribavirine wordt voornamelijk gebruikt voor hantavirusinfecties, maar een specifieke therapie bestaat er nog niet. Om eventueel nieuwe therapieën tegen hantavirussen te ontwikkelen, werden in vitroantivirale ‘compounds’ gescreend voor het PUUV op Vero E6 cellen. Voor chloroquine was er vanaf 75 μM een inhibitie 100%. De IC50 bedroeg 16,84 μM. Voor favipiravir was er vanaf 100 μM 100% inhibitie. De IC50 bedroeg 35,29 μM. Voor quinine was er bij elke concentratie meer dan 90% inhibitie, uitgezonderd voor 25 μM (37%). De IC50 bedroeg 30,70 μM. Voor cinchonine werd de hoogste inhibitie van 73% waargenomen bij 100 μM. Er was geen duidelijke trend in de resultaten van cinchonine. De IC50 bedroeg 79,15 μM. Naast de virale inhibitie, werd ook een celviabiliteitstest uitgevoerd. Uit de resultaten bleek dat chloroquine difsofaat een CC50 had van 137,40 μM. De celviabiliteit bedroeg nog maar 10% vanaf 200μM en hogere concentraties. Favipiravir kende weining toxiciteit en had bij de hogere concentraties nog steeds een celviabiliteit rond de 90%. De CC50 bedroeg 6314,22 μM. De celviabiliteit voor quinine daalde vanaf 200 μM tot 15% voor 600 μM. De CC50 was 440,80 μM. Cinchonine was niet zo toxisch voor de cellen. Het laagste percentage celviabiliteit was 63% voor 600 μM. De CC50 bedroeg 935,25 μM. De SI voor favipiravir (178,93) was het hoogst, gevolgd door die van quinine (14,36) en cinhonine (11,82). Chloroquine difosfaat (8,16) had de laagste SI. Er kunnen geen sterke conclusies getrokken worden aangezien de experimenten veel variabiliteit vertoonden en de methode dus nog niet optimaal is. Er werd een kleinschalig experiment uitgevoerd rond HEK cellen. Deze werden geïnfecteerd met verschillende soorten hantavirussen om na te gaan of deze virussen kunnen repliceren in HEK cellen. Er werd bevonden dat het THAIV en TPMV repliceerden in HEK cellen.

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Dissertation
Impact of KIR and HLA genotypes on the outcome and susceptibility to Ebola virus disease
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Year: 2018

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Ebola virus (EBOV) induces a zoonotic disease with a high fatality rate, which affects human and non-human primates. First appeared in 1976, the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) continues to take a lot of people life, mainly in Africa where the health infrastructures are poor, weak and not adapted. The 2014-2016 EBOV outbreak in West Africa was the largest and the most complex outbreak since its apparition. A better understanding of ebolavirus, the development of innovative treatments and the discovery of an efficient EBOV vaccine could help to prevent future EBOV outbreaks and the spread of this life-threatening infection. EBOV carries a negative-sense RNA genome and has glycoprotein spikes, which are very important for the virus entry into host cells. The envelope, the matrix and the nucleocapsid are also components of this virion, and can be recognized by the innate and adaptive immune cells. Natural Killer (NK) cells are among the important components of the innate immune system and provide the first line of defense against infected and transformed cells. They own activating and inhibitory receptors on their membrane in order to induce an appropriate innate immune response. Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIRs) are one of the main receptors of NK cells. Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) class I molecules are located on nucleic cell membrane and are the KIR proteins ligands. Some combinations of KIR and HLA molecules could influence the susceptibility and outcome of several viral infections. The objective of this master's thesis is to assess the association of KIR and HLA genotypes with EVD outcome by comparing the genotypes of different groups of patients: contacts, survivors and fatalities of EVD. Results show that some KIR and HLA combinations correlate with the outcome of EVD. First, these KIR combinations "2DL1-4, 2DS4-001/3, 3DL1-3, 2DP1 and 3DP1-004", "2DL1-4, 2DS4-001, 3DL1-3, 2DP1 and 3DP1-004" and the last one "2DL1-5, 2DS1-3, 2DS4-001, 3DL1-3, 2DP1 and 3DP1-004" and these HLA combinations "HLA-C1" and "HLA-C1/2 and HLA-B-Bw4Ile" might provide a permissive immune microenvironment promoting a positive outcome of EVD. Secondly, survivors tend to own less activating KIR, which can confer a protection against EVD. Finally, KIR2DS4-003 and KIR2DS2 might increase the susceptibility to develop a fatal EVD. These results highlight the fact that KIR and HLA genes may play a key role in the susceptibility and outcome of some viral infections and especially EVD.

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Dissertation
Dynamics of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus circulation and the assessment of an in vivo model.
Authors: --- --- ---
Year: 2012 Publisher: Leuven KU Leuven. Faculteit Geneeskunde. Departement Microbiologie en immunologie

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Epidemiologische studie in een obese Belgische populatie en ontwikkeling in vitro antivirale assay voor humaan adenovirus 36
Authors: --- --- --- ---
Year: 2011 Publisher: Leuven KU Leuven. Faculteit Farmaceutische Wetenschappen

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Dissertation
Screening van antivirale compounds voor hantavirussen
Authors: --- --- --- --- --- et al.
Year: 2017 Publisher: Leuven KU Leuven. Faculteit Farmaceutische Wetenschappen

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Dissertation
Diversiteit in Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) repertoire in Ebolavirus overlevenden en Ebolavirus fatale gevallen

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Dissertation
Screening van antivirale compounds voor hantavirussen
Authors: --- --- --- --- --- et al.
Year: 2017 Publisher: Leuven KU Leuven. Faculteit Farmaceutische Wetenschappen

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Dissertation
Impact of KIR and HLA genotypes on the outcome and susceptibility to Ebola virus disease
Authors: --- --- --- --- --- et al.
Year: 2018 Publisher: Liège Université de Liège (ULiège)

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Ebola virus (EBOV) induces a zoonotic disease with a high fatality rate, which affects human and non-human primates. First appeared in 1976, the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) continues to take a lot of people life, mainly in Africa where the health infrastructures are poor, weak and not adapted. The 2014-2016 EBOV outbreak in West Africa was the largest and the most complex outbreak since its apparition. A better understanding of ebolavirus, the development of innovative treatments and the discovery of an efficient EBOV vaccine could help to prevent future EBOV outbreaks and the spread of this life-threatening infection.&#13;EBOV carries a negative-sense RNA genome and has glycoprotein spikes, which are very important for the virus entry into host cells. The envelope, the matrix and the nucleocapsid are also components of this virion, and can be recognized by the innate and adaptive immune cells. &#13;Natural Killer (NK) cells are among the important components of the innate immune system and provide the first line of defense against infected and transformed cells. They own activating and inhibitory receptors on their membrane in order to induce an appropriate innate immune response. Killer Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIRs) are one of the main receptors of NK cells. Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) class I molecules are located on nucleic cell membrane and are the KIR proteins ligands. Some combinations of KIR and HLA molecules could influence the susceptibility and outcome of several viral infections.&#13;The objective of this master’s thesis is to assess the association of KIR and HLA genotypes with EVD outcome by comparing the genotypes of different groups of patients: contacts, survivors and fatalities of EVD. &#13;Results show that some KIR and HLA combinations correlate with the outcome of EVD. First, these KIR combinations “2DL1-4, 2DS4-001/3, 3DL1-3, 2DP1 and 3DP1-004”, “2DL1-4, 2DS4-001, 3DL1-3, 2DP1 and 3DP1-004” and the last one “2DL1-5, 2DS1-3, 2DS4-001, 3DL1-3, 2DP1 and 3DP1-004” and these HLA combinations “HLA-C1” and “HLA-C1/2 and HLA-B-Bw4Ile” might provide a permissive immune microenvironment promoting a positive outcome of EVD. Secondly, survivors tend to own less activating KIR, which can confer a protection against EVD. Finally, KIR2DS4-003 and KIR2DS2 might increase the susceptibility to develop a fatal EVD. &#13;These results highlight the fact that KIR and HLA genes may play a key role in the susceptibility and outcome of some viral infections and especially EVD.


Dissertation
Third generation sequencing and herpesvirus diversity : Towards complete double-stranded DNA virus genomes
Authors: --- --- ---
Year: 2021 Publisher: Leuven KU Leuven. Faculty of Medicine

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Viral variability can be understood as genetic differences between nucleotide sequences. It can be used to define viral taxonomic units (species, genera, class, or family), viral subgroups, strains or life-cycle stages (lytic and latent phases). Viral diversity has been extensively studied, mostly through second-generation sequencing techniques, such as IonTorrent or Illumina sequencing. In the last years, third-generation technologies, such as Nanopore sequencing, have been used to discover novel viruses, complete genomes or outbreak tracing (as currently with SARS-CoV-2) [1].Nanopore sequencing consists of an artificial semi-conductive membrane, over which an electrical potential is applied. DNA molecules are present in one side of this membrane and diffuse towards one of the artificial nanopores present in the membrane. A given DNA molecule contains at its end a sequencing adapter and a motor protein attached to it. This motor protein can be temporary attached to an artificial pore, unwind the dsDNA molecule and translocate a ssDNA strand 3' -> '5, consuming ATP. As bases pass through the pore, base stretches generate specific and unique disturbance (or squiggle) patterns in the electric potential flowing through the membrane. This disturbance is mathematically modeled through a basecaller to specific nucleotides with a quality score, in real-time [2]. Reads can be later processed for genome assembly, variant calling or modified base discovery. Nanopore sequencing, despite its relatively low per read accuracy rate (93-95%) [3], offers several advantages for viral genomics such as long-read sizes (improved assembly contiguity and study of genome rearrangements), base modifications (viral epigenetics) and rapid field-based sequencing (small size device with real-time sequencing). Overall sequence consensus accuracy is on par with other sequencing techniques (99,9%)[4].As detailed elsewhere, longer read sizes improve the contiguity of assembled genomes, mostly through the resolution of repeats [5]. This is of special relevance for producing high-quality reference genomes. Moreover, longer read sizes can improve the resolution of structural rearrangements on complex viral genomes [5]. Sequencing native DNA or RNA may allow for direct detection of epigenetic base modification. For example, nanopore sequencing has successfully been used to detect and quantify 5'-methylcytosine (5mC) in hepatitis B virus DNA (HBV) [6].Limited attempts have been published for direct sequencing for dsDNA viruses with large genomes (> 100 kb) with nanopore sequencing, mostly in the families Herpesviridae, Poxviridae and Asfarviridae [7]. The order Herpesvirales, or the family Herpesviridae (average genome size 120 - 250 kb) offers an interesting working system to study viral diversity due to their wide host range, world-wide endemicity, and their capacity to establish lifelong infections [5]. Whole-genome sequencing and comparative evolution of herpesviruses highlights the diversity of their genome structure between families (Herpesvirinae, Alloherpesvirinae, and Malacoherpesvirinae) and genera (5 different genome structures from A to E). Currently, there are several herpesvirus species without a complete sequenced genome.Gene set and repeat content tend to vary within the same herpesvirus species, between strains or subtypes [5]. A good example is the human cytomegalovirus (or HCMV), which frequently harbors structural rearrangements and nucleotide variants [5]. HCMV consists of a linear double-stranded DNA genome with an average length of 235 kb&thinsp;&plusmn;&thinsp;1.9 kb. The genome is packaged in an icosahedral capsid (T&thinsp;=&thinsp;16) surrounded by a matrix of proteins, the tegument, and enveloped by lipid bilayer. Although the genome is linear inside the nucleocapsid, it is circularized upon entry in the nucleus. HCMV is composed by 2 big inverted domains: long (L) and short (S), flanked by repeated regions, one at the terminal (TR) end and the other at the internal end (IR), resulting in TRL-UL-IRL-IRS-US-TRS as a class E genome structure. Recombination between repetitive regions can yield four possible genomic isomers. All four genomic isomers can be found in any infective viral population in equimolar proportion. Recombination of terminal and internal repeats is common, and it has been hypothesized that their recombination is the cause of long-range structural rearrangements. 1. Dellicour, S.; Durkin, K.; Hong, S.L.; Vanmechelen, B.; Martí-Carreras, J.; Gill, M.S.; Meex, C.; Bontems, S.; André, E.; Gilbert, M.; et al. A phylodynamic workflow to rapidly gain insights into the dispersal history and dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 lineages. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2020. 2. de Lannoy, C.; de Ridder, D.; Risse, J. A sequencer coming of age: De novo genome assembly using MinION reads. F1000Research 2017, 6, 1083. 3. R10.3: the newest nanopore for high accuracy nanopore sequencing Available online: https://nanoporetech.com/about-us/news/r103-newest-nanopore-high-accuracy-nanopore-sequencing-now-available-store]. 4. Bowden, R.; Davies, R.W.; Heger, A.; Pagnamenta, A.T.; de Cesare, M.; Oikkonen, L.E.; Parkes, D.; Freeman, C.; Dhalla, F.; Patel, S.Y.; et al. Sequencing of human genomes with nanopore technology. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 1869. 5. Martí-Carreras, J.; Maes, P. Human cytomegalovirus genomics and transcriptomics through the lens of next-generation sequencing: revision and future challenges. Virus Genes 2019, 55, 138-164. 6. Goldsmith, C.D.; Cohen, D.; Dubois, A.; Martinez, M.-G.; Petitjean, K.; Corlu, A.; Hernandez-Vargas, H.; Chemin, I. Epigenetic heterogeneity after de novo assembly of native full-length Hepatitis B Virus genomes. bioRxiv 2020, 2020.05.29.122259. 7. Karamitros, T.; van Wilgenburg, B.; Wills, M.; Klenerman, P.; Magiorkinis, G. Nanopore sequencing and full genome de novo assembly of human cytomegalovirus TB40/E reveals clonal diversity and structural variations. BMC Genomics 2018, 19, 577.

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