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Psychiatry

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"Behavior analysis emerged from the nonhuman laboratories of B.F. Skinner, Fred Keller, Nate Schoenfeld, Murray Sidman, James Dinsmoor, Richard Herrnstein, Nate Azrin, and others who pioneered experimental preparations designed to do one thing--find orderly relations between environment and behavior. This bottom-up approach to a natural science of behavior yielded a set of behavioral principles that proved orderly and replicable across subjects, laboratories, and species. By the 1960s, behavior analysts began translating these principles into interventions for institutionalized humans characterized by impoverished repertoires of adaptive behavior. When these interventions proved successful in replacing problem- with adaptive-behavior, the field of Applied Behavior Analysis was born. Over the last 50 years the field of behavior analysis has grown substantially both in the number of practicing behavior analysts and the range of behavior to which behavioral principles have been applied. Today the laboratory study of basic principles of behavior continues to expand our understanding of behavior and to inform the treatment of disorders ranging from autism to substance abuse. The present volumes continue this inductive translational approach to the science of behavior analysis by providing overview and in-depth chapters spanning the breadth of behavior analysis. Volume II includes 10 chapters illustrating how principles of behavior discovered in basic-science laboratories have provided insights on socially important human behavior ranging from the complex discriminations that underlie human language to disorders treated by clinical psychologists. The second section of Volume II includes 12 chapters, each devoted to a particular behavioral/developmental disorder (e.g., behavioral treatments of ADHD, autism) or to behavior of societal importance (e.g., effective college teaching, effective treatment of substance abuse). Each of these chapters provides a review of what works and where additional research is needed"--

Behaviorism (Psychology) --- Motivation (Psychology)

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Evidence that economic principles may be employed to predict the rates at which cigarettes are consumed is presented from several laboratory experiments. In these experiments, cigarette-deprived smokers were required to make a effortful response to earn cigarette puffs. Changing the number of responses required per puff is conceptualized as a price manipulation. Our experiments show that these price increases decrease cigarette consumption and that price elasticity of demand increases with increases in price. When from 74 different smokers, participating in 17 different experiments, in our laboratory were analyzed, five demographic variables were related to rates of earning and smoking cigarettes in the lab: 1) males smoked more than females; 2) less-educated individuals tended to smoke more than better-educated smokers; 3) higher rates of smoking were observed in individuals with high Fagerström smoke more than heavy drinkers; and 5) unemployed subjects smoked more than employed individuals. Demographic effects on price elasticity did not accord as well with econometric data. Finally, we discuss the ability of behavioral- economic laboratory experiments to model cigarette smoking in the natural economy, and the validity of using these laboratory results as a means of assessing the likely effects of public-policy initiatives. The results from one such experiment are presented that suggest the economic concept of inferior goods may be informative in understanding nicotine-replacement products and the likely effects of differential pricing of cigarettes and these replacement products.

Smoking --- Prevention