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Consumer (co-)ownership in renewable energy (RE) is essential to the overall success of Energy Transition. In June 2018, the European Union agreed on a corresponding enabling framework as part of a recast of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED II). The transposition of these comprehensive rules - in particular those on local RE communities - requires developing, implementing and rolling out business models that broaden the capital participation of consumers. The challenge is to include municipalities and/or commercial investors like SMEs and advance to economies of scale while retaining the benefits of individual consumer participation. This book is addressed to energy consumers in local communities, their municipalities and to the policy makers who represent them. Additionally, non-EU countries, in particular those where rural areas have limited access to energy, e.g. in Asia, Africa and Latin America, may be interested in the benefits of consumer ownership. While demand for energy in developing countries is growing, access to energy is crucial for improving the quality of life. The editor of this book presents a new model of consumer ownership in RE for both the EU and countries worldwide. Part One describes the rationale for consumer ownership in RE with regard to social, organizational, legal and financial conditions. Part Two discusses the issue of financing RE and introduces a new financing technique, the Consumer Stock Ownership Plan (CSOP), comparing it to traditional models. Part Three provides 18 country studies from Europe, North America, South America and Asia, organized so as to enable a cross-country comparison of policy approaches and feasibility. Policy recommendations are based on the results of this survey. Part Four summarizes, compares the best practice cases, presents a cost-benefit analysis of "prosumage" and against this background evaluates the impact on future policy.

Economic policy and planning (general) --- Economics --- Relation between energy and economics --- Electrical engineering --- Applied physical engineering --- Economic geography --- energiebeheer (technologie) --- energiemanagement (economie) --- energiebeleid --- energie-economie --- hernieuwbare energie --- economie --- economische politiek --- energie (technologie) --- Economic policy. --- Renewable energy sources. --- Urban economics. --- Cooperative societies. --- Energy industries --- Clean energy industries --- Alternate energy sources --- Alternative energy sources --- Energy sources, Renewable --- Sustainable energy sources --- Power resources --- Renewable natural resources --- Agriculture and energy --- Cities and towns --- City economics --- Economics of cities --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- National planning --- State planning --- Planning --- National security --- Social policy --- Industries --- Co-operative societies --- Co-ops (Cooperative societies) --- Cooperative associations --- Cooperative distribution --- Cooperative stores --- Cooperatives --- Coops (Cooperative societies) --- Distribution, Cooperative --- Stores, Cooperative --- Corporations --- Societies --- Economic aspects. --- Finance. --- Economic aspects --- Energy policy. --- Energy and state. --- Renewable energy resources. --- Energy efficiency. --- Economic Policy. --- Energy Policy, Economics and Management. --- Renewable and Green Energy. --- Urban Economics. --- Energy Efficiency. --- Consumption of energy --- Energy efficiency --- Fuel consumption --- Fuel efficiency --- Energy conservation --- Energy and state --- State and energy --- Industrial policy --- Government policy --- Energy consumption. --- Renewable Energy.

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This book investigates the potential of the Spanish Sociedades Laborales (SLs) as an instrument of active labour market policy for re-turning the unemployed to the labour market. SLs are mostly small and micro enterprises and a qualified form of the conventional corporation, majority-owned by their permanent employees. Unemployed persons can capitalise their unemployment benefits as a lump sum to start a new SL or to recapitalise an existing SL by joining it. This makes SLs similar to start-up subsidies for the unemployed, an established instrument of active labour market policy across the EU. This book examines the function and success of existing SLs and explores the transferability of the scheme to other EU Member States. It tackles two widely discussed policy issues at both the EU level as well as the national level: firstly, the reactivation of the unemployed into work, and secondly the encouragement of employee co-ownership in the context of the economic reform agenda, in particular with regard to corporate governance, regional economic stimuli and distributive justice. .

Industrial organization. --- Labor economics. --- Economics. --- Labor Economics. --- Industrial Organization. --- European Economics. --- Employment (Economic theory) --- Full employment policies. --- Economic policy --- Employment stabilization --- Unemployment --- Economics --- Europe—Economic conditions. --- Industries --- Organization --- Industrial concentration --- Industrial management --- Industrial sociology

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Biens (droit) --- Biens collectifs --- Propriété --- Things (Law) --- Biens (Droit) --- Property --- Right of property --- Droit de propriété --- Commons --- Terres de communage --- Common good. --- Bien commun --- Law and anthropology --- Droit et anthropologie --- Comparative law --- Droit comparé --- Propriété