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There are four species of mud crab, Scylla serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. paramamosain and S. olivacea that are the focus of both commercial fisheries and aquaculture production throughout their distribution. They are among the most valuable crab species in the world, with the bulk of their commercial production sent live to market. This is the first FAO aquaculture manual on this genus, covering everything from its basic biology and aquaculture production, through to stock packaging and being ready to go to market. Information on mud crab biology, hatchery and nursery technology, grow-out systems, disease control, processing and packaging has been collated in this manual to provide a holistic approach to mud crab aquaculture production. Compared with other types of aquaculture, mud crab culture still has a large number of variants, including: the use of seedstock collected from the wild, as well as produced from a hatchery; farming systems that range from very extensive to intensive, monoculture to polyculture; and farm sites that vary from mangrove forests to well-constructed aquaculture ponds or fattening cages. As such, there is no one way to farm mud crabs, but techniques, technologies and principles have been developed that can be adapted to meet the specific needs of farmers and governments wishing to develop mud crab aquaculture businesses. Each of the four species of Scylla has subtly different biology, which equates to variations in optimal aquaculture production techniques. Where known and documented, variants have been identified, where not, farmers, researchers and extension officers alike may have to adapt results from other species to their mud crab species of choice and local climatic variables. Compared with many other species that are the subject of industrial scale aquaculture, mud crabs can still be considered to be at an early stage of development, as the use of formulated feeds for them is still in its infancy and little work has yet been undertaken to improve stock performance through breeding programmes.

Scylla --- Crabs --- aquaculture. --- aquaculture --- Crustacean culture --- Crab culture --- Scylla (Crustacea) --- 639.3.05 --- Mangrove crabs --- Mud crabs --- Swimming crabs --- Crab aquaculture --- Crab farming --- Farming, Crab --- Shellfish culture --- 639.3.05 General questions of fish rearing --- General questions of fish rearing --- Conferences - Meetings --- 639.51 --- 639.51 Breeding of aquatic crustaceans --- Breeding of aquatic crustaceans

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Capture-based aquaculture makes use of wild fish and fishery resources in its production systems. Focusing on this subject, this document addresses selected key issues of sustainability in relation to current global aquaculture practices and developments. It includes two review papers on the use of wild resources, one covering social and economic aspects and the other on environmental and biodiversity issues, as well as ten papers on selected marine and freshwater species used in capture-based aquaculture.

Pêches --- fisheries --- Politique des pêches --- Fishery policies --- Composition de la capture --- catch composition --- Substitution des ressources --- Resource substitution --- Animal sauvage --- wild animals --- Cage à poisson --- Fish cages --- Technique d'aquaculture --- Aquaculture techniques --- Conservation des ressources --- Resource conservation --- 639.3.04 --- Methods of rearing fish --- Capture-based aquaculture. --- Zoology and Animal Sciences. Aquaculture and Fisheries --- Aquaculture --- Aquaculture. --- 639.3.04 Methods of rearing fish --- Capture-based aquaculture --- CBA (Capture-based aquaculture)

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Across the five regions, the scale of catches and the number of exploited species varies widely, the Asian and Pacific regions being those with the highest catches and species diversity. Most fisheries are multispecific, or have evolved from single-species to multispecies fisheries as the more valuable species became overexploited. There are many typologies of sea cucumber fisheries, ranging from artisanal, to semi-industrial and industrial. The bulk of the catches are exported to supply the Asian bêche-de-mer market, with China Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) the main export destination for the totality of countries reviewed. With the exception of some stocks in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere, sea cucumber stocks are under intense fishing throughout the world. In Latin America and the Caribbean it appears that high valued commercial species have been depleted. In the majority of the countries reviewed in the Africa and Indian Ocean region stocks are overfished. Likewise in the Asian Pacific region the most sought-after species are largely depleted. Despite the fact that sea cucumber fishing is not a traditional activity, a large number of coastal communities have developed a strong dependency on it as alternative source of income. Reconciling the need for conservation with the socio-economic importance that these fisheries have acquired will require effective management efforts, which are currently lacking in many places. The hotspot case studies show for instance that, despite the adoption of management plans in some countries, the lack of enforcement capacity poses considerable constraints on the effectiveness of adopted management measures, besides exacerbating illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and trade. The papers also discuss some of the factors behind the unsustainable use of sea cucumbers and the role and potential benefits of alternative management measures, such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The lack of capacity to gather the basic information needed for management plans, weak enforcement, the high demand from international markets and the pressure exerted from resource-dependent communities figure high as important factors responsible for the critical status of sea cucumber fisheries worldwide. Authors concur on the need for immediate actions to stop the trend of sequential depletion of species if we are to conserve stocks biodiversity and sustain the ecological, social and economic benefits of these resources. The present document reviews the population status, fishery and trade of sea cucumbers worldwide through the collation and analysis of the available information from five regions, covering known sea cucumber fishing grounds: temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere; Latin America and the Caribbean; Africa and Indian Ocean; Asia; and Western Central Pacific. In each region a case study of a "hotspot" country or fishery was conducted to highlight critical problems and opportunities for the sustainable management of sea cucumber fisheries. The hotspots are Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Seychelles, Galapagos Islands and the fishery for Cucumaria frondosa of Newfoundland in Canada.

Echinodermata --- Population animale --- Animal population --- Ressource halieutique --- Fishery resources --- Conservation des ressources --- Resource conservation --- Donnée sur les pêches --- fishery data --- Gestion des pêches --- Fishery management --- Commercialisation --- Marketing --- world --- 639.28 --- 339 VISSERIJPRODUCTEN --- Capture of aquatic crustaceans etc. --- VISSERIJPRODUCTEN --- Trepang fisheries. --- Sea cucumber populations. --- Sea cucumbers. --- Zoology and Animal Sciences. Aquaculture and Fisheries --- Fisheries --- Fisheries. --- 639.28 Capture of aquatic crustaceans etc. --- Sea cucumber populations --- Sea cucumbers --- Trepang fisheries --- Beche-de-mer fisheries --- Holothurian fisheries --- Sea cucumber fisheries --- Cucumbers, Sea --- Holothurians --- Holothuroidea --- Trepang --- Holothurian populations --- Populations, Sea cucumber --- Marine invertebrate populations --- Capture of aquatic crustaceans etc --- Stocks

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Purification --- Sea water --- Shellfish --- Mollusc culture --- Bivalvia (316XXXXXXX) --- pollutants --- Biological contamination --- HACCP --- public health --- Food hygiene --- Oysters --- Clams --- Scallops