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Criminal law --- Criminal procedure --- Criminal justice, Administration of --- Droit pénal --- Procédure pénale --- Justice pénale --- Administration
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The Arab Spring events put in the spotlight the exportations of potentially dangerous dual- use (DU) items from the European Union (EU) to authoritarian regimes. These DU items were mostly new technologies, including cyber-surveillance technologies, and their export has resulted in numerous human rights (HR) violations. Faced with this situation, we ask the question: how did the EU react? Theoretically, everyone within the Union shall agree on rules to better protect HR since, in the official discourse on international discourse of EU representations and even of EU head of state and government, the promotion and protection of HR is a key component. Nevertheless, the theoretical European consensus on HR seems to not prevail for each actor when negotiating the DU reforms. This work will therefore look at the many disagreements that this policy has generated.
UE --- Union européenne --- biens à double usage --- BDU --- exportation --- printemps arabes --- droits humains --- droits fondamentaux --- Arab Spring --- EU --- European Union --- dual-use --- exportation --- human rights --- European Parliament --- Council --- cyber-surveillance technologies --- Droit, criminologie & sciences politiques > Sciences politiques, administration publique & relations internationales
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Sicily is an Island of contradictions. European funding has been allocated to the Island; however, they are often lost in the meanders of regional bureaucracy while passing the layers of political affairs. This thesis stems from the poor implementation of designated resources, which would otherwise further development and progress. In particular, the European Regional Development Fund 2014-2020 has been analysed. By considering the financial resources available and comparing their implementation this work intends to highlight the strengths and vulnerabilities of the process. It is evident that a new level of commitment is essential; a new prospective, more attention and interest, accountable responsibility and a deeper involvement are required. More attention must be directed towards the care and enhancement of the Island, applying innovative ideas, developing efficient and effective projects which are handled in an inclusive and transparent manner. To this end, this thesis attempts to understand why it is fundamental to maintain an enduring prospective along with, both a medium- and long-term vision of what to do, how to do it, and why it should be done.
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Organized crime --- Crime syndicates --- Organised crime --- Crime --- Organized crime.
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