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Sociology of knowledge --- Philosophy of science --- Knowledge, Sociology of --- Knowledge, Sociology of. --- Knowledge, Theory of (Sociology) --- Communication --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Public opinion --- Sociology --- Social epistemology
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Conventional wisdom has it that the sciences, properly pursued, constitute a pure, value-free method of obtaining knowledge about the natural world. In light of the social and normative dimensions of many scientific debates, Helen Longino finds that general accounts of scientific methodology cannot support this common belief. Focusing on the notion of evidence, the author argues that a methodology powerful enough to account for theories of any scope and depth is incapable of ruling out the influence of social and cultural values in the very structuring of knowledge. The objectivity of scientific inquiry can nevertheless be maintained, she proposes, by understanding scientific inquiry as a social rather than an individual process. Seeking to open a dialogue between methodologists and social critics of the sciences, Longino develops this concept of "contextual empiricism" in an analysis of research programs that have drawn criticism from feminists. Examining theories of human evolution and of prenatal hormonal determination of "gender-role" behavior, of sex differences in cognition, and of sexual orientation, the author shows how assumptions laden with social values affect the description, presentation, and interpretation of data. In particular, Longino argues that research on the hormonal basis of "sex-differentiated behavior" involves assumptions not only about gender relations but also about human action and agency. She concludes with a discussion of the relation between science, values, and ideology, based on the work of Habermas, Foucault, Keller, and Haraway.
#SBIB:316.23H2 --- #SBIB:303H0 --- #SBIB:IO --- Sociologie van de wetenschappen --- Methoden in de sociale wetenschappen: algemeen --- Science --- Women's studies --- Methodology. --- Female studies --- Feminist studies --- Women --- Women studies --- Education --- Scientific method --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Methodology --- Study and teaching --- Curricula --- Philosophy --- Science - Methodology. --- Women's studies - Methodology. --- Science - Methodology --- Women's studies - Methodology --- Philosophy of science
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Conventional wisdom has it that the sciences, properly pursued, constitute a pure, value-free method of obtaining knowledge about the natural world. In light of the social and normative dimensions of many scientific debates, Helen Longino finds that general accounts of scientific methodology cannot support this common belief. Focusing on the notion of evidence, the author argues that a methodology powerful enough to account for theories of any scope and depth is incapable of ruling out the influence of social and cultural values in the very structuring of knowledge. The objectivity of scientific inquiry can nevertheless be maintained, she proposes, by understanding scientific inquiry as a social rather than an individual process. Seeking to open a dialogue between methodologists and social critics of the sciences, Longino develops this concept of "contextual empiricism" in an analysis of research programs that have drawn criticism from feminists. Examining theories of human evolution and of prenatal hormonal determination of "gender-role" behavior, of sex differences in cognition, and of sexual orientation, the author shows how assumptions laden with social values affect the description, presentation, and interpretation of data. In particular, Longino argues that research on the hormonal basis of "sex-differentiated behavior" involves assumptions not only about gender relations but also about human action and agency. She concludes with a discussion of the relation between science, values, and ideology, based on the work of Habermas, Foucault, Keller, and Haraway.
Women's studies --- Science --- Scientific method --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Female studies --- Feminist studies --- Women --- Women studies --- Education --- Methodology --- Study and teaching --- Curricula
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Human behavior --- Behaviorism (Psychology). --- Aggressiveness --- Sex --- Research. --- Research. --- Research.
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Helen Longino seeks to break the current deadlock in the ongoing wars between philosophers of science and sociologists of science--academic battles founded on disagreement about the role of social forces in constructing scientific knowledge. While many philosophers of science downplay social forces, claiming that scientific knowledge is best considered as a product of cognitive processes, sociologists tend to argue that numerous noncognitive factors influence what scientists learn, how they package it, and how readily it is accepted. Underlying this disagreement, however, is a common assumption that social forces are a source of bias and irrationality. Longino challenges this assumption, arguing that social interaction actually assists us in securing firm, rationally based knowledge. This important insight allows her to develop a durable and novel account of scientific knowledge that integrates the social and cognitive. Longino begins with a detailed discussion of a wide range of contemporary thinkers who write on scientific knowledge, clarifying the philosophical points at issue. She then critically analyzes the dichotomous understanding of the rational and the social that characterizes both sides of the science studies stalemate and the social account that she sees as necessary for an epistemology of science that includes the full spectrum of cognitive processes. Throughout, her account is responsive both to the normative uses of the term knowledge and to the social conditions in which scientific knowledge is produced. Building on ideas first advanced in her influential book Science as Social Knowledge, Longino brings her account into dialogue with current work in social epistemology and science studies and shows how her critical social approach can help solve a variety of stubborn problems. While the book focuses on epistemological concerns related to the sociality of inquiry, Longino also takes up its implications for scientific pluralism. The social approach, she concludes, best allows us to retain a meaningful concept of knowledge in the face of theoretical plurality and uncertainty.
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Feminist theory --- Science --- -Women in science --- -Natural science --- Science of science --- Sciences --- Minorities in science --- Feminism --- Feminist philosophy --- Feminist sociology --- Theory of feminism --- Social aspects --- Philosophy --- Feminist theory. --- Women in science. --- Philosophy. --- Social aspects. --- -Social aspects --- -Minorities in science --- Natural science --- -Feminism --- Women in science --- Science and society --- Sociology of science --- Normal science --- Philosophy of science
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In de loop van de laatste decennia heeft de feministische wetenschapskritiek, geïnspireerd door recente ontwikkelingen binnen de wetenschapsgeschiedenis, -filosofie en -sociologie, een groot aantal vragen opgeworpen die betrekking hebben op de inhoud, de praktijk en de doelstellingen van het wetenschappelijk onderzoek. 'Feminism & science' bundelt 17 essays die een beeld geven van de diversiteit en de kracht van de feministische kritiek in de jaren 90. In deel I beschrijven een sociologe, een wetenschapster, en een filosofie-geschiedkundige hoe het maatschappelijk bepaalde ideaal van 'mannelijkheid' vorm gegeven heeft aan conventionele opvattingen over kennis en wetenschap. De essays in deel II gaan over de manier waarop sekseverschillen en gender behandeld worden in de primatologie, de biologie en de geneeskunde. Opmerkelijk is dat deze auteurs aantonen hoe ontoereikend de feministische kritiek is die mannelijk georiënteerd wetenschappelijk onderzoek afdoet als 'slechte wetenschap'. Deel III onderzoekt de impact van gender-ideologieën in het wetenschappelijk onderzoek aan de hand van de taal en meer bepaald de metaforen die in de wetenschap gehanteerd worden. De auteurs van het laatste deel zoeken naar doeltreffende alternatieven voor de traditionele wetenschapsbeoefening. Ze wijzen de gebruikelijke dichotomie tussen subjectiviteit en objectiviteit, tussen geest en lichaam af en stellen een nieuwe visie op kennis voor: een visie die kennis beschouwt als een sociaal, ruimtelijk en historisch gesitueerd gegeven.
Political philosophy. Social philosophy --- Theory of knowledge --- Philosophy of science --- Sociology of the family. Sociology of sexuality --- Sociology --- Pure sciences. Natural sciences (general) --- Biology --- Sociolinguistics --- Feminism --- Sociology --- Language use --- Theory --- Women's studies --- Exact sciences --- Biology --- Biological determinism --- Book --- Epistemology
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Personnel management --- Competitie (Psychologie) --- Competition (Psychologie) --- Competitive behavior --- Competitiveness (Psychology) --- Comportement compétitif --- Compétition (Psychologie) --- Concurrence (Psychologie) --- Défi (Psychologie) --- Émulation (Psychologie) --- Women --- Psychology --- Feminism --- Psychological aspects
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