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"Open access edition: DOI 10.6069/9780295749013 At first glance, medicine and poison might seem to be opposites. But in China's formative era of pharmacy (200-800 CE), poisons were strategically employed as healing agents to cure everything from abdominal pain to epidemic disease. Healing with Poisons explores the ways physicians, religious figures, court officials, and laypersons used toxic substances to both relieve acute illnesses and enhance life. It illustrates how the Chinese concept of du-a word carrying a core meaning of "potency"-led practitioners to devise a variety of methods to transform dangerous poisons into effective medicines. Recounting scandals and controversies involving poisons from the Era of Division to the Tang, historian Yan Liu considers how the concept of du was central to how the people of medieval China perceived both their bodies and the body politic. He also examines the wide range of toxic minerals, plants, and animal products used in classical Chinese pharmacy, including everything from the herb aconite to the popular recreational drug Five-Stone Powder. By recovering alternative modes of understanding wellness and the body's interaction with foreign substances, this study cautions against arbitrary classifications and exemplifies the importance of paying attention to the technical, political, and cultural conditions in which substances become truly meaningful. Healing with Poisons is freely available in an open access edition thanks to TOME (Toward an Open Monograph Ecosystem) and the generous support of the University of Buffalo"

Traditional medicine. --- Medicine, Chinese. --- Chinese medicine --- TCM (Medicine) --- Traditional Chinese medicine --- Traditional medicine --- Ethnic medicine --- Ethnomedicine --- Folk medicine --- Home cures --- Home medicine --- Home remedies --- Indigenous medicine --- Medical folklore --- Medicine, Primitive --- Primitive medicine --- Surgery, Primitive --- Alternative medicine --- Folklore --- Medical anthropology --- Ethnopharmacology --- History of medicine

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Geodesy. Cartography --- Computer. Automation --- Economic geography --- Cities and towns --- City planning --- Geografie --- Geographic information systems. --- Growth --- Simulation methods. --- Geografische Informatie Systemen --- Modelleren.

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"Applications of Neural Networks in High Assurance Systems" is the first book directly addressing a key part of neural network technology: methods used to pass the tough verification and validation (V&V) standards required in many safety-critical applications. The book presents what kinds of evaluation methods have been developed across many sectors, and how to pass the tests. A new adaptive structure of V&V is developed in this book, different from the simple six sigma methods usually used for large-scale systems and different from the theorem-based approach used for simplified component subsystems.

Neural networks (Computer science) --- System safety --- Expert systems (Computer science) --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Civil Engineering --- Computer Science --- Applied Mathematics --- Validation --- Verification --- High performance computing. --- HPC (Computer science) --- Artificial neural networks --- Nets, Neural (Computer science) --- Networks, Neural (Computer science) --- Neural nets (Computer science) --- Engineering. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Applied mathematics. --- Engineering mathematics. --- Automotive engineering. --- Industrial engineering. --- Production engineering. --- Appl.Mathematics/Computational Methods of Engineering. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Automotive Engineering. --- Industrial and Production Engineering. --- Manufacturing engineering --- Process engineering --- Industrial engineering --- Mechanical engineering --- Management engineering --- Simplification in industry --- Engineering --- Value analysis (Cost control) --- Engineering analysis --- Mathematical analysis --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Mathematics --- Cyberinfrastructure --- Supercomputers --- Artificial intelligence --- Natural computation --- Soft computing --- Mathematical and Computational Engineering. --- Artificial Intelligence.

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The private non-financial sector in Europe is facing increased challenges in meeting its debt servicing obligation. In response, governments are revisiting legal tools and—in some cases—institutional arrangements to deal with over-indebtedness. For households, where the problem in some countries is large but no established best practice exists, reforms have generally sought to allow debtors a fresh start while minimizing moral hazard and preserving bank solvency and credit discipline. For the corporate sector, efforts have focused on facilitating debt restruturing (including through out of court mechanisms). Direct government intervention has been rare.

Debt --- Corporate debt --- Households --- Indebtedness --- Finance --- Population --- Families --- Home economics --- Corporations --- Debt financing (Corporations) --- Economic aspects --- International Monetary Fund. --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- Debt relief --- Debt renegotiation --- Debt rescheduling --- Debt restructuring --- Relief, Debt --- Renegotiation, Debt --- Rescheduling, Debt --- Restructuring, Debt --- Debtor and creditor --- Law and legislation --- E-books --- Corporate Finance --- Finance: General --- Financial Risk Management --- Macroeconomics --- Bankruptcy --- Liquidation --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Financing Policy --- Financial Risk and Risk Management --- Capital and Ownership Structure --- Value of Firms --- Goodwill --- Financial Crises --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Solvency --- Private debt --- Corporate insolvency --- Financial crises --- Financial sector policy and analysis --- Asset and liability management --- National accounts --- Debts, External --- Latvia, Republic of