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"Open access edition: DOI 10.6069/9780295749013 At first glance, medicine and poison might seem to be opposites. But in China's formative era of pharmacy (200-800 CE), poisons were strategically employed as healing agents to cure everything from abdominal pain to epidemic disease. Healing with Poisons explores the ways physicians, religious figures, court officials, and laypersons used toxic substances to both relieve acute illnesses and enhance life. It illustrates how the Chinese concept of du-a word carrying a core meaning of "potency"-led practitioners to devise a variety of methods to transform dangerous poisons into effective medicines. Recounting scandals and controversies involving poisons from the Era of Division to the Tang, historian Yan Liu considers how the concept of du was central to how the people of medieval China perceived both their bodies and the body politic. He also examines the wide range of toxic minerals, plants, and animal products used in classical Chinese pharmacy, including everything from the herb aconite to the popular recreational drug Five-Stone Powder. By recovering alternative modes of understanding wellness and the body's interaction with foreign substances, this study cautions against arbitrary classifications and exemplifies the importance of paying attention to the technical, political, and cultural conditions in which substances become truly meaningful. Healing with Poisons is freely available in an open access edition thanks to TOME (Toward an Open Monograph Ecosystem) and the generous support of the University of Buffalo"
Traditional medicine. --- Medicine, Chinese. --- Chinese medicine --- TCM (Medicine) --- Traditional Chinese medicine --- Traditional medicine --- Ethnic medicine --- Ethnomedicine --- Folk medicine --- Home cures --- Home medicine --- Home remedies --- Indigenous medicine --- Medical folklore --- Medicine, Primitive --- Primitive medicine --- Surgery, Primitive --- Alternative medicine --- Folklore --- Medical anthropology --- Ethnopharmacology --- History of medicine
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Geodesy. Cartography --- Computer. Automation --- Economic geography
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This paper examines the effect of foreign direct investment on local structural transformation and human capital accumulation in China, exploiting variations in foreign direct investment inflows across manufacturing sub-sectors caused by China's foreign direct investment deregulation and initial sectoral composition patterns across China's cities and provinces. Using a panel of city-level data from 1990 to 2005, the paper shows that manufacturing foreign direct investment inflows greatly accelerated city-level structural transformation and human capital accumulation. By expanding access to the global market, foreign direct investment created a huge pull factor that drew excess labor away from farms into factories and services. Foreign direct investment has promoted high school and university enrollment by paying a higher wage premium for skilled workers and pushing up the skill premium. The positive effect on structural transformation is largely driven by export-oriented foreign direct investment, while market-seeking foreign direct investment has a much larger effect on college enrollment. High-skill foreign direct investment has a larger effect on college enrollment than low-skill foreign direct investment.
Investments, Foreign --- Economic development. --- Human capital.
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This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 25th International Conference on DNA Computing and Molecular Programming, DNA 25, held in Seattle, WA, USA, in August 2019. The 12 full papers presented were carefully selected from 19 submissions. The papers cover a wide range of topics relating to biomolecular computing such as algorithms and models for computation on biomolecular systems; computational processes in vitro and in vivo; molecular switches, gates, devices, and circuits; molecular folding and self-assembly of nanostructures; analysis and theoretical models of laboratory techniques; molecular motors and molecular robotics; information storage; studies of fault-tolerance and error correction; software tools for analysis, simulation, anddesign; synthetic biology and in vitro evolution; and applications in engineering, physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine.
Logic design. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Software engineering. --- Computer Communication Networks. --- Computer science. --- Logics and Meanings of Programs. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Software Engineering. --- Math Applications in Computer Science. --- Informatics --- Science --- Computer software engineering --- Engineering --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Design, Logic --- Design of logic systems --- Digital electronics --- Electronic circuit design --- Logic circuits --- Switching theory --- Molecular computers. --- DNA-based computers --- DNA computers --- Biocomputers --- Natural computation --- Computer logic. --- Computer communication systems. --- Computer science—Mathematics. --- Communication systems, Computer --- Computer communication systems --- Data networks, Computer --- ECNs (Electronic communication networks) --- Electronic communication networks --- Networks, Computer --- Teleprocessing networks --- Data transmission systems --- Digital communications --- Electronic systems --- Information networks --- Telecommunication --- Cyberinfrastructure --- Network computers --- Computer science logic --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Distributed processing --- Computer networks. --- Computer Science Logic and Foundations of Programming. --- Mathematical Applications in Computer Science.
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The private non-financial sector in Europe is facing increased challenges in meeting its debt servicing obligation. In response, governments are revisiting legal tools and—in some cases—institutional arrangements to deal with over-indebtedness. For households, where the problem in some countries is large but no established best practice exists, reforms have generally sought to allow debtors a fresh start while minimizing moral hazard and preserving bank solvency and credit discipline. For the corporate sector, efforts have focused on facilitating debt restruturing (including through out of court mechanisms). Direct government intervention has been rare.
Debt --- Corporate debt --- Households --- Indebtedness --- Finance --- Population --- Families --- Home economics --- Corporations --- Debt financing (Corporations) --- Economic aspects --- International Monetary Fund. --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- Debt relief --- Debt renegotiation --- Debt rescheduling --- Debt restructuring --- Relief, Debt --- Renegotiation, Debt --- Rescheduling, Debt --- Restructuring, Debt --- Debtor and creditor --- Law and legislation --- E-books --- Corporate Finance --- Finance: General --- Financial Risk Management --- Macroeconomics --- Bankruptcy --- Liquidation --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Financing Policy --- Financial Risk and Risk Management --- Capital and Ownership Structure --- Value of Firms --- Goodwill --- Financial Crises --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Solvency --- Private debt --- Corporate insolvency --- Financial crises --- Financial sector policy and analysis --- Asset and liability management --- National accounts --- Debts, External --- Latvia, Republic of
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There are two main disciplines in catalysis research - homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. This is due to the fact that the catalyst is either in the same phase (homogeneous catalysis) as the reaction being catalyzed or in a different phase (heterogeneous catalysis). Over the past decade, various approaches have been implemented to combine the advantages of homogeneous catalysis (efficiency, selectivity) with those of heterogeneous catalysis (stability, recovery) by the heterogenization of homogeneous catalysts or by carrying out homogeneous reactions under heterogeneous conditions. This unique handbook fills the gap in the market for an up-to-date work that links both homogeneous catalysis applied to organic reactions and catalytic reactions on surfaces of heterogeneous catalysts. As such, it highlights structural analogies and shows mechanistic parallels between the two, while additionally presenting kinetic analysis methods and models that either work for both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Chapters cover asymmetric, emulsion, phase-transfer, supported homogeneous, and organocatalysis, as well as in nanoreactors and for specific applications, catalytic reactions in ionic liquids, fluorous and supercritical solvents and in water. Finally, the text includes computational methods for investigating structure-reactivity relations. With its wealth of information, this invaluable reference provides academic and industrial chemists with novel concepts for innovative catalysis research.
Thermodynamics --- Chemical thermodynamics --- Macromolecules --- polymers --- gold [metal] --- silver [metal] --- palladium --- Pd (palladium) --- Ag (zilver) --- Au (goud) --- chemie --- polymeren --- fysicochemie
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This paper studies the impact of foreign direct investment on domestic firms' innovation in China. It provides causal evidence by exploiting China's foreign direct investment deregulation in 2002 and employs a difference-in-difference estimation strategy. Using a matched firm-patent data set from 1998 to 2007, the results show that the quantity and quality of domestic firms' innovation benefit from foreign direct investment. Moreover, the paper emphasizes the importance of knowledge spillover from foreign direct investment in similar technology domains. The analysis examines the role of horizontal foreign direct investment and foreign direct investment in technologically close industries'industries that share similar technology domains. The findings show that foreign direct investment in technologically close industries generates much bigger positive spillovers than horizontal foreign direct investment. The paper also shows that knowledge spillover from foreign direct investment in similar technology domains is not driven by input-out linkages. Moreover, the spillover effect is stronger in cities with higher human capital stock and firms with higher absorptive capacity.
Business Environment --- Firm Innovation --- Foreign Direct Investment --- Innovation --- International Economics and Trade --- Private Sector Development --- Private Sector Economics --- Spillover Effect --- Technology Closeness
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