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Economic relations. Trade --- Taiwan --- United States of America
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This paper reviews the history of bilateral trade negotiations between Taiwan and the U.S. The question posed at the outset is: does bilateralism enhance or jeopardize multilateralism? The U.S.-Taiwan experience seems to suggest a grossly negative answer. Bilateral negotiations for market opening with the threat of unilateral trade sanctions (such as Section 301 action) tend to encourage trade preferences and U.S. negotiators are inclined to accept such preferential arrangements in areas where U.S. domestic interests are homogeneous and concentrated. Even in the case of tariff negotiations where any tariff concessions made by Taiwan are extended to other trading partners on an MFN basis, bilateralism does not necessarily enhance multilateral principles. The scope of tariff concessions made by Taiwan shows a strong bias in favor of the sectors in which the U.S. has a comparative advantage in Taiwan's market and the sectors in which U.S. domestic industries exhibit monopoly power. Meanwhile, U.S. commitments to GATT strengthen its position in bilateral negotiations and help persuade Taiwan, which is not a member of GATT, to make similar concessions.
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Although it is evident that R&D has undergone a process of internationalization, and that the less-advanced economies are becoming increasingly involved in this process, the substantial body of literature in this area has been based largely on the experiences of the developed countries. This paper aims to contribute to the understanding of this issue by examining R&D internationalization within a newly-industrializing economy, a prime example of which is Taiwan, and focuses especially on factors underlying locational advantage in attracting multinationals' offshore R&D. We begin with an examination of the literature on R&D internationalization and globalization, based upon which we emphasize the significance of first-tier supplier advantage' in a Taiwanese context. We take advantage of an official database to reveal the patterns of foreign corporate R&D in Taiwan and to systematically examine the determinants of the R&D intensity of foreign affiliates at industry level. Our empirical results show that within Taiwan, foreign affiliates with higher R&D intensity tend to be more export oriented, are localized within Taiwan in terms of their sourcing of materials and capital goods, and belong to sectors with a larger pool of R&D labor.
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