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MEDITERRANEAN REGION--NATIONAL SECURITY --- EU--MEDITERRANEAN REGION --- EURO-MEDITERRANEAN PARTNERSHIP --- EUROPE--FOREIGN RELATIONS--MEDITERRANEAN REGION

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Macedonian question. --- Balkan Peninsula --- Macedonia (Republic) --- Macedonia (Republic) --- Politics and government --- Ethnic relations --- Political aspects. --- Politics and government

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Sociology of environment --- Polemology --- Nature protection --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology

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Social sciences (general) --- Meteorology. Climatology --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Environmental planning --- Social geography --- Economic geography --- ruimtelijke ordening --- sociale wetenschappen --- economische ontwikkelingen --- milieubeheer --- klimaatverandering

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Environmental and Human Security: Then and Now 1 2 ALAN D. HECHT AND P. H. LIOTTA * 1 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development 2 Pell Center for International Relations and Public Policy Salve Regina University 1. Nontraditional Threats to Security The events of September 11, 2001 have sharpened the debate over the meaning of being secure. Before 9/11 there were warnings in all parts of the world that social and environmental changes were occurring. While there was prosperity in North America and Western Europe, there was also increasing recognition that local and global effects of ecosystem degradation posed a serious threat. Trekking from Cairo to Cape Town thirty years after living in Africa as a young teacher, for example, travel writer Paul Theroux concluded that development in sub-Saharan Africa had failed to improve the quality of life for 300 million people: “Africa is materially more decrepit than it was when I first knew it—hungrier, poorer, less educated, more pessimistic, more corrupt, and you can’t tell the politicians from the witch-doctors” (2002). While scholars and historians will debate the causes of 9/11 for some time, one message is clear: An often dizzying array of nontraditional threats and complex vulnerabilities define security today. We must understand them, and deal with them, or suffer the consequences. Environmental security has always required att- tion to nontraditional threats linked closely with social and economic well-being.

Global environmental change --- Ecological disturbances --- Human ecology. --- Environmental policy. --- Security, International. --- Social aspects. --- Collective security --- International security --- International relations --- Disarmament --- International organization --- Peace --- Disturbance ecology --- Disturbances, Ecological --- Ecological perturbations --- Ecosystem disturbances --- Ecosystem perturbations --- Environmental disturbances --- Environmental perturbations --- Perturbations, Ecological --- Ecology --- Environmental change, Global --- Global change, Environmental --- Global environmental changes --- Change --- Environment and state --- Environmental control --- Environmental management --- Environmental protection --- Environmental quality --- State and environment --- Environmental auditing --- Environment, Human --- Human beings --- Human environment --- Ecological engineering --- Human geography --- Nature --- Government policy --- Social aspects --- Effect of environment on --- Effect of human beings on --- Pollution. --- Environmental sciences. --- Social sciences. --- Regional planning. --- Regional economics. --- Human Geography. --- Pollution, general. --- Environment, general. --- Social Sciences, general. --- Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning. --- Regional/Spatial Science. --- Anthropo-geography --- Anthropogeography --- Geographical distribution of humans --- Social geography --- Anthropology --- Geography --- Human ecology --- Economics --- Regional planning --- Regionalism --- Space in economics --- Regional development --- State planning --- Human settlements --- Land use --- Planning --- City planning --- Landscape protection --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Environmental science --- Science --- Chemical pollution --- Chemicals --- Contamination of environment --- Environmental pollution --- Pollution --- Contamination (Technology) --- Asbestos abatement --- Bioremediation --- Environmental engineering --- Factory and trade waste --- Hazardous waste site remediation --- Hazardous wastes --- In situ remediation --- Lead abatement --- Pollutants --- Refuse and refuse disposal --- Environmental aspects --- Environment. --- Urban planning. --- Spatial economics. --- Human geography. --- Spatial economics --- Regional economics --- Cities and towns --- Civic planning --- Land use, Urban --- Model cities --- Redevelopment, Urban --- Slum clearance --- Town planning --- Urban design --- Urban development --- Urban planning --- Art, Municipal --- Civic improvement --- Urban policy --- Urban renewal --- Management --- Security, International --- Environmental policy --- Climatic changes