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International economic relations --- Change (Monnaie) --- Commercial policy --- Droit international économique --- Droit économique (Droit international) --- Droit économique international --- Economic policy [Foreign ] --- Economic relations [Foreign ] --- Economics [International ] --- Economische betrekkingen [Internationale ] --- Foreign economic policy --- Foreign exchange --- Handelspolitiek --- Interdependence of nations --- International economic policy --- International economics --- Internationale economische betrekkingen --- New international economic order --- Politique commerciale --- Relations économiques internationales --- Wisselverkeer --- 339.9 --- AA / International- internationaal --- 382.30 --- 333.450 --- 382.10 --- Cambistry --- Currency exchange --- Exchange, Foreign --- Foreign currency --- Foreign exchange problem --- Foreign money --- Forex --- FX (Finance) --- International exchange --- International finance --- Currency crises --- Foreign trade policy --- International trade --- International trade policy --- Trade policy --- Economic policy --- Economic policy, Foreign --- Economic relations, Foreign --- Economics, International --- Foreign economic relations --- International relations --- Economic sanctions --- Buitenlandse economische betrekkingen. Internationale economische betrekkingen --- Handels- en wisselpolitiek in hun verband met de buitenlandse handel: algemeenheden. --- Theorie van het deviezenverkeer. Theorie van de koopkrachtpariteit. --- Theorieën van internationale en interregionale handel: algemeenheden. Comparatieve voordelen. --- Government policy --- 339.9 Buitenlandse economische betrekkingen. Internationale economische betrekkingen --- Theorie van het deviezenverkeer. Theorie van de koopkrachtpariteit --- Theorieën van internationale en interregionale handel: algemeenheden. Comparatieve voordelen --- Handels- en wisselpolitiek in hun verband met de buitenlandse handel: algemeenheden

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Growing Public examines the question of whether social policies that redistribute income impose constraints on economic growth. What kept prospering nations from using taxes for social programs until the end of the nineteenth century? Why did taxes and spending then grow so much, and what are the prospects for social spending in this century? Why did North America become a leader in public education in some ways and not others? Lindert finds answers in the economic history and logic of political voice, population ageing, and income growth. Contrary to traditional beliefs, the net national costs of government social programs are virtually zero. This book not only shows that no Darwinian mechanism has punished the welfare states, but uses history to explain why this surprising result makes sense. Contrary to the intuition of many economists and the ideology of many politicians, social spending has contributed to, rather than inhibited, economic growth.

338 <09> --- AA / International- internationaal --- 330.580 --- 202 --- 368.40 --- Economische geschiedenis --- Gecontroleerde economie. Geleide economie. Welvaarststaat. Algemeenheden. --- Sociale organisatie. --- Sociale voorzorg en verzekeringen. Sociale zekerheid: algemeenheden. --- Government spending policy --- Income distribution --- Transfer payments --- Welfare economics --- History --- 338 <09> Economische geschiedenis --- Gecontroleerde economie. Geleide economie. Welvaarststaat. Algemeenheden --- Sociale organisatie --- Sociale voorzorg en verzekeringen. Sociale zekerheid: algemeenheden --- Business, Economy and Management --- Economics --- Economic policy --- Social policy --- Government transfer payments --- Payments, Transfer --- Expenditures, Public --- National income --- Distribution of income --- Income inequality --- Inequality of income --- Distribution (Economic theory) --- Disposable income --- Public spending policy --- Spending policy, Government --- Finance, Public --- Full employment policies --- Unfunded mandates --- Accounting --- Government policy

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Scholars have charged population growth with lowering aggregate income per capita, depleting natural resources, reducing the quality of the environment, and causing more unequal distribution of income. Maintaining that the order of these concerns should be reversed, Peter H. Lindert emphasizes the tendency of higher fertility and population growth to heighten economic inequalities. His analysis also improves our knowledge of the ways in which economic developments affect fertility.The author develops an integrated model of fertility behavior featuring an original way of defining and measuring the relative cost of an extra child. U.S. fertility patterns in the twentieth century, he shows, are partially explained by the interplay of a model of intergenerational taste formation and fluctuation in relative child costs. His reinterpretation of patterns in the inequality of schooling and income in America highlights the role of fertility and other demographic forces. From the author's analysis it appears that concern over rapid population growth is more justified on income-distribution grounds than on grounds of effects on average per capita income. In showing that this is so, Professor Lindert describes how families' use of time has changed since the late nineteenth century.Originally published in 1978.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Fertility --- Population Growth. --- Socioeconomic Factors --- Family size --- Fertility, Human --- Income distribution --- Revenu --- Economic aspects --- Répartition --- Fertility. --- Socioeconomic Factors. --- Size of families --- Family planning --- Human fertility --- Natality --- Demography --- Human reproduction --- Infertility --- Family size - Economic aspects - United States. --- Fertility, Human - Economic aspects - United States. --- Income distribution - United States.

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The traditionally, and wrongly, imagined vulnerabilities of the welfare state are economic. The true threats are demographic and political. The most frequently imagined threat is that the welfare state package reduces the level and growth of GDP. It does not, according to broad historical patterns and non-experimental panel econometrics. Large-budget welfare states achieve a host of social improvements without any clear loss of GDP. This Element elaborates on how this "free lunch" is gained in practice. Other threats to the welfare state are more real, however. One is the rise of anti-immigrant backlash. If combined with heavy refugee inflows, this could destroy future public support for universalist welfare state programs, even though they seem to remain economically sound. The other is that population aging poses a serious problem for financing old age. Pension deficits threaten to crowd out more productive social spending. Only a few countries have faced this issue well.

Welfare state. --- State, Welfare --- Economic policy --- Public welfare --- Social policy --- State, The --- Welfare economics --- Welfare state --- Welfare state - Political aspects --- Welfare state - Social aspects

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Gold --- Currency question. --- Foreign exchange.