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"Global supply chain integration is not only a rapidly growing feature of international trade, it is responsible for fundamentally changing trade policy at international and domestic levels. Ka Zeng and Xiaojun Li argue that global supply chain integration pits firms and industries that are more heavily dependent on foreign supply chains against those that are less dependent on intermediate goods for domestic production. Given that final goods are produced with both domestic and foreign suppliers, businesses whose supply chain will be disrupted as a result of increased trade barriers should lobby for preferential trade liberalization to maintain access to those foreign markets. Moreover, businesses whose products are used in the production of goods in foreign countries should also support preferential trade liberalization to compete with suppliers from other parts of the world. This book uses multiple methods, including cross-sectional, time series analysis of the pattern of Preferential Trade Alliance formation by existing World Trade Organization members; a firm-level survey; and case studies of the pattern of corporate support for regional trade liberalization in both China and the United States. The authors show that the growing fragmentation of global production, trade, and investment is altering trade policy away from the traditional divide between export-oriented and import-competing industries"--

Foreign trade policy --- China --- United States --- International trade --- Business logistics --- Supply chain management --- Industrial management --- Logistics --- External trade --- Foreign commerce --- Foreign trade --- Global commerce --- Global trade --- Trade, International --- World trade --- Commerce --- International economic relations --- Non-traded goods --- S10/0590 --- S10/0641 --- China: Economics, industry and commerce--Distribution --- China: Economics, industry and commerce--Foreign trade and economic relations: since 1989 --- United States of America

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Token forces - tiny national troop contributions in much larger coalitions - have become ubiquitous in UN peacekeeping. This Element examines how and why this contribution type has become the most common form of participation in UN peace operations despite its limited relevance for missions' operational success. It conceptualizes token forces as a path-dependent unintended consequence of the norm of multilateralism in international uses of military force. The norm extends states' participation options by giving coalition builders an incentive to accept token forces; UN-specific types of token forces emerged as states learned about this option and secretariat officials adapted to state demand for it. The Element documents the growing incidence of token forces in UN peacekeeping, identifies the factors disposing states to contribute token forces, and discusses how UN officials channel token participation. The Element contributes to the literatures on UN peacekeeping, military coalitions, and the impacts of norms in international organizations.

Deployment (Strategy). --- United Nations --- Peacekeeping forces. --- Strategy --- UNO --- Naciones Unidas --- Nations Unies --- ONU --- Organisation des Nations Unies --- Organizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ Obʺedinennykh Nat︠s︡iĭ --- OON --- Vereinigte Nationen --- Umot ha-meʼuḥadot --- Organizacja Narodów Zjednoczonych --- ONZ --- Forente nasjoner --- Forenede nationer --- FN --- Förenta nationerna --- Gaertʻianebuli erebi --- Organização das Nações Unidas --- PBB --- Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa --- Kokusai Rengō --- Kokuren --- ENSZ --- Egyesült Nemzetek Szövetsége --- Birleșmiș Milletler Teșkilâtı --- Birlăşmiş Millătăr Tăşkilatı --- Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkiloti --- BMT --- YK --- Yhdistyneet kansakunnat --- OUN --- Organizacija Ujedinjenih Nacija --- UN --- NU --- Nazioni Unite --- OSN --- Organizace spojených národů --- Sāzmān-i Milal-i Muttafiq --- Bangsa² Bersatu --- Organización de las Naciones Unidas --- Ühinenud Rahvaste Organisatsioon --- ÜRO --- Organismos tōn Hēnōmenōn Ethnōn --- Umoja wa Mataifa --- Vereinten Nationen --- Vereinte Nationen --- Hayʼat al-Umam al-Muttaḥidah --- Verenigde Naties --- VN --- Organizația Națiunilor Unite --- Um --- Lien ho kuo --- OKB --- Organizata e Kombeve të Bashkuara --- Lian he guo --- U.N. --- Umam al-Muttaḥidah --- OĒE --- Hēnōmena Ethnē --- Organizácia Spojených Národov --- Sahaprachāchāt --- Națiunile Unite --- Organizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ na obedinenite nat︠s︡ii --- Organismos Hēnōmenōn Ethnōn --- Manẓūmat al-Umam al-Muttaḥidah --- AAN --- Arhanizatsyi︠a︡ Ab'i︠a︡dnanykh Natsyĭ --- Nações Unidas --- Orhanizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ Ob'i︠e︡dnanykh Nat︠s︡iĭ --- O.Ē.E. --- ʻOngkān Sahaprachāchāt --- Sjuninejal Konob'laq --- Sāzmān-i Milal-i Muttaḥid --- Milal-i Muttaḥid --- Nėgdsėn U̇ndėstniĭ Baĭguullaga --- NUB --- Rāshṭrasaṃgha --- או״מ --- أمم المتحدة --- الأمم المتحدة --- سازمان ملل متحد --- 国際連合 --- 联合囯 --- 聯合國 --- United Nations Organization --- Liên Hiệp Quó̂c --- Liên Hợp Quó̂c --- LHQ --- Kula Samagga --- YūʼAṅʻnʻ --- 联合国 --- Организация на обединените нации --- Организация Объединённых Наций

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This book intends to make sense of how Chinese leaders perceive China’s rise in the world through the eyes of China’s international relations (IR) scholars. Drawing on a unique, four-year opinion survey of these scholars at the annual conference of the Chinese Community of Political Science and International Studies (CCPSIS) in Beijing from 2014–2017, the authors examine Chinese IR scholars’ perceptions of and views on key issues related to China’s power, its relationship with the United States and other major countries, and China’s position in the international system and track their changes over time. Furthermore, the authors complement the surveys with a textual analysis of the academic publications in China’s top five IR journals. By comparing and contrasting the opinion surveys and textual analyses, this book sheds new light on how Chinese IR scholars view the world as well as how they might influence China’s foreign policy. Huiyun Feng is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Government and International Relations at Griffith University, Australia. She is a former Jennings Randolph Peace Scholar at the United States Institute of Peace. She has published in the European Journal of International Relations, Security Studies, and Chinese Journal of International Politics. Kai He is a Professor of International Relations at Griffith University, Australia. He is currently an Australian Research Council (ARC) Future Fellow (2017-2020) and a visiting Chair Professor of International Relations at Nankai University, China (2018-2021). His recent book is China’s Crisis Behavior: Political Survival and Foreign Policy (2016). Xiaojun Li is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University of British Columbia, Canada and a former Princeton-Harvard China and the World Fellow. His work on international and comparative political economy of China has appeared in Journal of Politics, International Studies Quarterly, and Chinese Journal of International Politics. .

Diplomacy. --- History --- International relations --- International economics. --- International relations. --- Globalization. --- Markets. --- International Economics. --- Foreign Policy. --- Emerging Markets/Globalization. --- Public markets --- Commerce --- Fairs --- Market towns --- Global cities --- Globalisation --- Internationalization --- Anti-globalization movement --- Coexistence --- Foreign affairs --- Foreign policy --- Foreign relations --- Global governance --- Interdependence of nations --- International affairs --- Peaceful coexistence --- World order --- National security --- Sovereignty --- World politics --- Economic policy, Foreign --- Economic relations, Foreign --- Economics, International --- Foreign economic policy --- Foreign economic relations --- International economic policy --- International economics --- New international economic order --- Economic policy --- Economic sanctions

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Based on the field investigation and the summary of the published research results of the April 20, 2013, Lushan, Sichuan, China, MS7.0 earthquake, having occurred along the same fault zone which accommodated the May 12, 2008, Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake, this Brief tries to describe and discuss the special earthquake phenomenology associated with both the local geology and the changing society. Since the occurrence of this earthquake, there have been the scientific debates on (1) the seismo-tectonics of this earthquake which has no primary seismic fault discovered on the surface of the ground; (2) the relation between this earthquake and the Wenchuan earthquake (i.e., whether it can be considered as one of the aftershocks); and (3) how well have been accomplished in the reduction of earthquake disasters, 5 years after the Wenchuan earthquake. This Brief also tries to introduce the studies and practice of Chinese seismological agencies for the reduction of earthquake disasters. Due to language and cultural barriers, such an introduction makes sense not only for English readers but also for Chinese readers. For example, people (abroad) are always asking why there are so many Chinese seismologists working on earthquake prediction. In fact the Chinese wording 'earthquake prediction' has a much wider coverage than that in English. And actually the Chinese approach to (time-dependent) seismic hazard has no systematic difference from outside world in its methodology.

Earthquakes --- Seismology. --- Seismography --- Geophysics --- Geography. --- Geology. --- Physical geography. --- Earth Sciences, general. --- Natural Hazards. --- Geophysics/Geodesy. --- Geotechnical Engineering & Applied Earth Sciences. --- Geography --- Geognosy --- Geoscience --- Earth sciences --- Natural history --- Cosmography --- World history --- Earth sciences. --- Natural disasters. --- Geophysics. --- Geotechnical engineering. --- Engineering, Geotechnical --- Geotechnics --- Geotechnology --- Engineering geology --- Geological physics --- Terrestrial physics --- Physics --- Natural calamities --- Disasters --- Geosciences --- Environmental sciences --- Physical sciences

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Based on the field investigation and the summary of the published research results of the April 20, 2013, Lushan, Sichuan, China, MS7.0 earthquake, having occurred along the same fault zone which accommodated the May 12, 2008, Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake, this Brief tries to describe and discuss the special earthquake phenomenology associated with both the local geology and the changing society. Since the occurrence of this earthquake, there have been the scientific debates on (1) the seismo-tectonics of this earthquake which has no primary seismic fault discovered on the surface of the ground; (2) the relation between this earthquake and the Wenchuan earthquake (i.e., whether it can be considered as one of the aftershocks); and (3) how well have been accomplished in the reduction of earthquake disasters, 5 years after the Wenchuan earthquake. This Brief also tries to introduce the studies and practice of Chinese seismological agencies for the reduction of earthquake disasters. Due to language and cultural barriers, such an introduction makes sense not only for English readers but also for Chinese readers. For example, people (abroad) are always asking why there are so many Chinese seismologists working on earthquake prediction. In fact the Chinese wording 'earthquake prediction' has a much wider coverage than that in English. And actually the Chinese approach to (time-dependent) seismic hazard has no systematic difference from outside world in its methodology.

Geophysics --- Meteorology. Climatology --- Geology. Earth sciences --- Mining industry --- Physical geography --- Geography --- aardbevingen --- mijnbouw --- geografie --- geologie --- fysische geografie --- geofysica --- natuurrampen