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Fundamental Tests of Physics with Optically Trapped Microspheres details experiments on studying the Brownian motion of an optically trapped microsphere with ultrahigh resolution and the cooling of its motion towards the quantum ground state. Glass microspheres were trapped in water, air, and vacuum with optical tweezers; and a detection system that can monitor the position of a trapped microsphere with Angstrom spatial resolution and microsecond temporal resolution was developed to study the Brownian motion of a trapped microsphere in air over a wide range of pressures. The instantaneous velocity of a Brownian particle, in particular, was measured for the very first time, and the results provide direct verification of the Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution and the energy equipartition theorem for a Brownian particle. For short time scales, the ballistic regime of Brownian motion is observed, in contrast to the usual diffusive regime. In vacuum, active feedback is used to cool the center-of-mass motion of an optically trapped microsphere from room temperature to a minimum temperature of about 1.5 mK. This is an important step toward studying the quantum behaviors of a macroscopic particle trapped in vacuum.

Diffusion. --- Microspheres. --- Physics. --- Microphysics --- Optical tweezers --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Atomic Physics --- Thermodynamics --- Microphysics. --- Optical tweezers. --- Tweezers, Optical --- Quantum physics. --- Thermodynamics. --- Low temperature physics. --- Low temperatures. --- Nanoscale science. --- Nanoscience. --- Nanostructures. --- Statistical physics. --- Dynamical systems. --- Quantum Physics. --- Nanoscale Science and Technology. --- Low Temperature Physics. --- Statistical Physics, Dynamical Systems and Complexity. --- Optoelectronic devices --- Quantum theory. --- Complex Systems. --- Statistical Physics and Dynamical Systems. --- Mathematical statistics --- Quantum dynamics --- Quantum mechanics --- Quantum physics --- Mechanics --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Dynamics --- Heat --- Heat-engines --- Quantum theory --- Statistical methods --- Nano science --- Nanoscale science --- Nanosciences --- Science --- Dynamical systems --- Kinetics --- Mathematics --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Force and energy --- Statics --- Cryogenics --- Low temperature physics --- Temperatures, Low --- Temperature --- Cold --- Nanoscience

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Engineering sciences. Technology